• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.208-219
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• 2009

This study is to establish a management method for conservation through comparison and analysis on vegetation structures of Pinus densiflora forest around Beopjusa area for past 17-year. The spatial range of the study was $3.6km^2$ from maintenance office to Beopjusa area. The analysis results of the actual vegetation showed that the ratio of vegetation were composed of 64.7% of Pinus densiflora forest, 3.2% of mixed forest of P. densiflora and deciduous broadleaf trees and 5.9% of deciduous broadleaf tree community out of overall area, 360ha. The type of P. densiflora forest were categorized into four communities; community having high potential of succession, community having low potential of it, the community being in the process of succession and community being in the process of natural selection. The succession tendency was in order of the community having low potential of succession(P. densiflora forest), having high potential of it(P. densiflora forest which is deciduous broadleaf trees are dominating in sub-canopy layer), being in the process of succession(P. densiflora-Prunus sargentii and P. densiflora-Quercus serrata community) and being in the process of natural selection(Q. serrata-P. densiflora and Q. aliena-P. densiflora community). In terms of vegetation management, P. densiflora forest having high potential of succession was needed to remove deciduous broadleaf trees in the sub-canopy layer and the community being in the process of succession was required to be pruning the branch in the canopy layer. Lastly, the community being in the process of natural selection was suggested to let it be in succession, since it is hard to be in the status of P. densiflora Forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1997

As the first step to estimate the potential natural vegetation distribution of the globe, the best spherical interpolation method was developed to the temperature and precipitation which have close relation to the distribution pattern of world natural vegetation. For developing the interpolation method, a named Light Climatic Dataset composed of 1,060 stations around the globe was randomly divided into halves of feeding side and target side. The discrepancy between the observed and estimated values at the target stations was compared with combinations of parameters and methods. The estimated values were calculated to each combination which is all-out, constant radius and constant station methods in the selection of the feeding stations, n square reciprocal and negative exponential functions in weighting function of distance between feeding stations and each target, and oval weighting in direction of the feeding stations from each target. As a result, it turned out that the spherical interpolation with negative exponential weighting function fed from the constant radius stations ovally weighed yields the best estimates both for temperature and for precipitation. The parameters for temperature are $30^{\circ}$ in constant radius, 0.78 in negative exponential function and 0.4 in oval weighting, and for precipitation are $30^{\circ}$, 0.53 and 0.4, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2006

This study was carried out to evaluate the recycled waste soils from construction site for using vegetation media. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$, As, Hg, Cu, Cn, organic P, TCE, and PCE were measured at recycled soil piles of an industrial waste treating company in the Metropolitan landfill area. The concentrations of polluted materials did not exceed to the standard critical levels of soil pollution in all analyzed items. The results suggested a high potential of recycling of the wastes soils for vegetation soil media. However, Cd and $Cr^{6+}$ almost reached the critical levels by the time of sampling, and it is necessary to develop a skill to lower concentrations of those pollutants. In the turfgrass test, the recycled soil did show an encouraging result as vegetation media in the early growth stage of perennial ryegrass.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.80-83
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• 2009

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 2002

Wetland areas have characteristics of dynamic cycling of materials in relation to land and water. Although having great potential for providing unique natural environments, they are vulnurable to human land use activities and some places are in danger of being eliminated. This study had an objective of investigating vegetation changes in Ilwol reservoir to provide basic information for the preservation and ecological restoration of the wetland area. Wetland vegetation was investigated along with the site conditions which may affect the vegetation development. There were 10 vegetation types with various species composition. Humulus japonicus, Zizania latifolia, Phragmites japonica, Bidens frondosa, Typha orientalis, Scirpus tabernaemontari, Phragmites communis, Persicaria thunbergii were the major wetland plants found at the reservoir area. Precipitation and water level were the elements mostly affecting the distribution of the plants. Phragmites japonica was closest to the water front, followed by Zizania latifolia, Humulus japonicus and Bidens frondosa. Most plant zones were predominated by one or a few species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.157-164
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• 2017

Roadside native vegetation provides important habitat for plants and animals, and provides visual amenity and beauty for drivers and rural areas. In particular, native wildflowers create and maintain attractive landscaping and scenic vistas while help protect and restore the natural environment. However, it is lacking in government policies and guidelines about using native wildflowers for roadside vegetation and alien invasive plants are a major threat to our environment. The purpose of this study is to review the regulations and programs for roadside vegetation, especially native wildflowers in USA in order to learn lessons about developing wildflower policies in Korea. A summary of results follows: (1) the goals of roadside vegetation have been shifted from beautification for pleasant driving experience to sustainable and economical maintenance. (2) Various funds and laws by federal and local government are essential for native wildflower planting and roadside enhancement. (3) Ongoing projects on seed collection and seed banking of native plants are conducted by wildflower research centers to conserve and propagate endangered plants. (4) Recognizing that wildflower viewing holds tremendous potential, increasing local governments try to grow wildflower tourism for economic benefits. In conclusion, we should establish a long-range plan and regulations on roadside wildflowers planting in order to create safe and sustainable transportation corridors in Korea. In addition, more research on wildflower habitat and propagation should be warranted and landscape architects should play a definitive role in providing pleasant driving experiences and promoting wildflower tourism.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.42-57
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• 1997

The multicriterion matrix technique (MM-technique) was proposed for a method of monitoring and assessment about vegetation naturalness. Four criteria and 10 subcriteria were selected and two evaluation indices such as VN-value and VN-class were used. The criteria were characterized by syntaxonomical informations of hemeroby concept and potential natural vegetation, hierarchical system between criteria, and ordinal scale of VN-values. VN-values were classified into 11 ordinal levels and condensed to five VN-classes for facilitating practical use. A vegetation map of naturalness described by combination o( two indices was proposed as an alternative resolution of the DGN map. We also discuss the organization of the map content which is a matter of grid size (unit-area). In the case study, a grid size proper to show a full account of real information of actual vegetation is less 250-grid (250 $\times$ 250 $m^2$) in a medium size of city area containing relatively fragmented ecosystems. In conclusion, it was recognized that this new assessment technique was useful and vegetation assessment was accomplished with the smaller grid size in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.564-594
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• 2008

For this study, which was conducted in summer from $2006{\sim}2007$, 25 places of stream area in Korea, which were not affected by human, were selected by considering variable environmental factors. Plant surveys were performed in five qaudrats per each place of stream area(stream length=about 1km) on the basis of Braun-Blanquet(1964) and in four belt(length=20m) per each place of stream area by using belt-transect method in order to study the vegetation of the present-day potential natural state of water. In the results of the plant survey, the common plant communities in the mid-northern district(latitude$37^{\circ}37.9^{\circ}N$) were Quercus mongolica community and Fraxinus rhynchophylla community(with Quercus mongolica and Quercus aliena), and the common plant communities in the southern district(latitude$35^{\circ}35.9^{\circ}N$) were Quercus serrata community, Styrax japonica community and Quercus variabilis community. The common plant communities in the central district(latitude$36^{\circ}36.9^{\circ}N$) were Quercus serrata community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Quercus aliena community, which have the middle characteristic between mid-northern and southern district. Also, in the results of correlation analysis between environmental factors and appearance of plant species in the survey places of stream area, Eco region showed the most significant correlation, but for the plan to restore flood plain, it is necessary to clarify the vegetation of potential natural stream by increasing the number of study cases considering variable environmental factors, in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.89-104
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• 2011

This study was carried out to the development of ecological planting model to make up of coastal windbreak forest on the Suncheon-bay in Sucheon-si, Korea. Make up of coastal windbreak forest in this site was needed for appropriate bioresource, biodiversity and ecological structure, and for conservation of the eco-tour resource and protection of human life and property by the unforeseen disaster from the coast. Based on the plant-social principle, the planting model of windbreak forest was developed to facilitate growth of trees, considering planting locations. The ecological planting model for the coastal windbreak was composed of warm temperate evergreen and windbreak forest which is spreading around the inland area in Korea. The horizontal forest style was composed of forest edge community and inner forest community, and the vertical forest style was composed of upper, middle, low and ground planting class. The target of the present model was quasi-natural forest, and the species of tree were selected based on the adaptability to surroundings depending on a goal to create a forest and forest style. To achieve both functions of wind break forest and visual effect in short period of time, small trees and seedlings were planted with high-density of 40,000/ha in an expectation of easy natural maintenance in the future. The significance of the present study is a suggestion for a guideline to create ecological coastal windbreak forest in the Suncheon-bay in which the harmony of human life and the ecological conservation is of great importance. Also, the ecological coastal windbreak forest model should be developed further through the long term monitoring after construction of forest.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2015

This study aims to figure out the vegetation status and characteristics of the spatial distribution in Taeanhaean National Park. As a result, vegetation communities were Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Camellia japonica community, Carpinus turczaninowii community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Pinus thunbergii community, Kalopanax septemlobus community, Koelreuteria paniculata community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, and sand dune and coastal wetland vegetation including Vitex rotundifolia community, Elymus mollis community, Calamagrostis epigeios community, Ischaemum anthephoroides community, Zoysia sinica community, Suaeda maritima community, and Phragmites communis community. Landscape types in actual vegetation map were Pinus thunbergii community (3.92%), Pinus densiflora community (1.40%), Robinia pseudoacacia community (0.05%), sand dune and coastal wetland vegetation (0.11%), field (0.46%), seashore (0.24%), thinning area (0.08%), bareground (0.16%), and sea (93.58%). Area of Pinus thunbergii community among vegetation type was $14.797km^2$ (3.92%) and the largest. Stratification structure and species composition of Pinus thunbergii community distributed in the seashore were different as a result of disturbance and human use. On the other hand, we assumed that succession will take place to the potential natural vegetation that is Quercus serrata and Quercus dentata in undisturbed Pinus thunbergii community. Meanwhile, Erechtites hieracifolia was occupied in understory of Pinus thunbergii community around the seashore and Diodia teres was invaded to sand dune vegetation. They may affect on natural species negatively. Therefore, monitoring and management plans are necessary.