• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.4568-4584
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• 2016

Steganography based on text generation has become a hot research topic in recent years. However, current text-generation methods which generate texts of normal style have either semantic or syntactic flaws. Note that texts of special genre, such as poem, have much simpler language model, less grammar rules, and lower demand for naturalness. Motivated by this observation, in this paper, we propose a text steganography that utilizes Markov chain model to generate Ci-poetry, a classic Chinese poem style. Since all Ci poems have fixed tone patterns, the generation process is to select proper words based on a chosen tone pattern. Markov chain model can obtain a state transfer matrix which simulates the language model of Ci-poetry by learning from a given corpus. To begin with an initial word, we can hide secret message when we use the state transfer matrix to choose a next word, and iterating until the end of the whole Ci poem. Extensive experiments are conducted and both machine and human evaluation results show that our method can generate Ci-poetry with higher naturalness than former researches and achieve competitive embedding rate.

• 인문언어
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2001

In this paper, I propose that the figurative structure of Tongjoo Yoon′s "One Night, Counting the Stars" reflects the poet′s anguish over the colonial reality of Korea in the later stages of the Japanese occupation, especially regarding the forced adoption of Japanese names in 1939. The poet Yoon himself registered at Yonhi College with an adopted Japanese name. In the second half of the poem, the speaker alludes to this historical fact when he confesses that "On a hill lit by myriads of stars / I spelled my name / And covered it over with dirt," and that he "laments (his) shameful name." In the simile of the last stanza, the speaker continues to allude to the "buried" name: "But past winter, come spring to my star, / As green grass sprouts on a grave mound, / So will it spread with pride / On the hill where my name is buried." The longing and the yearning, expressed so simply and in child-like manner in the first half of the poem, become in the second half an urgent need for something that should have been but cannot be, and yet will be in the future-for a world that should be, now lost but to be regained. The poem contains the poet′s earnest belief that the inherited Korean names that were then so shamefully taken away will one day be recovered. It is almost impossible to find any other work written in Korean (despite the most suppressive measures against the use of the Korean language) that also alludes to the adoption of Japanese names. In this respect, "One Night, Counting the Stars" has a unique value in the history of modem Korean literature.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제6권7호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2006

본 연구는 신동엽의 서사시 ${\ulcorner}$금강${\lrcorner}$을 문화콘템츠로 개발하는 토대를 제공하기 위하여 텍스트의 서술구 성을 분석하고 스토리텔링 요소를 검토하였다. 이 작품의 서술은 역사적 허구적 서정적 성격의 서술내 용이 단독 혹은 복합으로 구성되고 있으며, 각 서술내용이 내포하고 있는 의미 층위는 시인의 역사의식과 현실인식을 드러내는 데 기여한다. 또한 이 작품은 서술내용에 따른 다양한 층위의 사건과 인물을 구현함으로써 풍부한 스토리텔링 요소를 지니고 있다. 이 작품이 보여주는 영웅적 성격의 인물, 전쟁 서사와 허구적 공간, 설화적 스토리 등은 매우 중요한 스토리텔링 요소로서 [금강]의 문화콘텐츠 개발에 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.392-399
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• 2019

A highly transparent interfacial layer (HTIL) to enhance the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was prepared via a polymer-assisted (PA) approach. Poly(vinyl chloride)-graft-poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (PVC-g-POEM) was synthesized via atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and was used as a sacrificial template. The PVC-g-POEM graft copolymer induced partial coordination of a hydrophilic titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) sol-gel solution with the POEM domain, resulting in microphase separation, and in turn, the generation of mesopores upon calcination. These phenomena were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-visible light transmittance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The DSSCs incorporating HTIL60/20 (consisting of a top layer with a pore size of 60 nm and a bottom layer with a pore size of 20 nm) exhibited the best overall conversion efficiency (6.36%) among the tested samples, which was 25.9% higher than that of a conventional blocking layer (BL). DSSC was further characterized using the Nyquist plot and incident-photon to electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectra.

• 셀메드
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.17.1-17.1
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• 2022

PoongLyuYak exists everywhere. If you read the poem and get inspired, it becomes poem Yak (詩藥, poem medicine). If you look at the picture and fall it, it becomes picture Yak. When you feel refreshed by travelling, it becomes travel Yak. Music, dance, movie, nature, etc. are very nice examples. Even a leisurely life of driving, eating out, and drinking coffee is good PoongLyuYak for the body. Whether you're alone or in a group, if you can enjoy it, it's good medicine. According to the logic of the windy and flowing world, anything that can transform one's emotions, whether happy, sad, or trivial, can be a PoongLyuYak. This PoongLyuYak may be more effective than oral medications, inhalants, ointments, or injections. Rather than simply watching, listening, or imitating others, the effect is enormous when participating directly and performing and creative activities. The pleasure of seeing Heung-min Son playing soccer is also a PoongLyuYak, but it can be more enjoyable and the medicinal effect is much greater if you enjoy soccer yourself. Here are some examples of PoongLyu medicines the authors took with the joy of creation.

• 영어영문학
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.1167-1191
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• 2012

For Romantic women writers the paratext itself is essentially a masculine literary space affiliated with established writing practices; however, this paper suggests that Charlotte Turner Smith's mode of discourse in her use of notes and their relation to the text proper are never fixed in her contemplative blank-verse long poem, Beachy Head (1807). Even though the display of learning in the paratext partly supports the woman writer's claim to authority, this paper argues that Smith's endnotes also indicate her way of challenging the double bind for women writers, summoning masculine authority on the margins of her book while simultaneously interrogating essentialist thinking and instructions about one's identity in a culture and on the printed page. The poem shows how the fringes of the book can be effectively transformed from a masculine site of authority to an increasingly feminized site of interchange as Smith writes with an awareness of patriarchal, imperial abuses of power in that area of the book. There is a persistent transgression of cultural/textual boundaries occurring in Beachy Head, which explores the very scene and languages of imperial encounter. Accordingly, if Wordsworth's theory of composition suggests a subjective and abstract poetic experience-an experience without mediation-in which its medium's purpose seems to be to disappear from the reader's consciousness, an examination of the alternative discourse of self-exposure in Smith's poem reveals the essentially fluid nature of media-consciousness in the Romantic era, which remains little acknowledged in received accounts of Romantic literary culture.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.537-545
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• 2023

Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder characterized by impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and peristalsis of the esophageal body. With the increasing prevalence of achalasia, interest in the role of endoscopy in its diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring is also growing. The major diagnostic modalities for achalasia include high-resolution manometry, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and barium esophagography. Endoscopic assessment is important for early diagnosis to rule out diseases that mimic achalasia symptoms, such as pseudo-achalasia, esophageal cancer, esophageal webs, and eosinophilic esophagitis. The major endoscopic characteristics suggestive of achalasia include a widened esophageal lumen and food residue in the esophagus. Once diagnosed, achalasia can be treated either endoscopically or surgically. The preference for endoscopic treatment is increasing owing to its minimal invasiveness. Botulinum toxins, pneumatic balloon dilation, and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) are important endoscopic treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated excellent treatment outcomes for POEM, with >95% improvement in dysphagia, making POEM the mainstay treatment option for achalasia. Several studies have reported an increased risk of esophageal cancer in patients with achalasia. However, routine endoscopic surveillance remains controversial owing to the lack of sufficient data. Further studies on surveillance methods and duration are warranted to establish concordant guidelines for the endoscopic surveillance of achalasia.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.391-420
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• 2011

Christina Rossetti's novella Maude displays Tractarian influences in terms of Holy Eucharist, Puseyism, and the doctrine of Reserve. Tractarianism is High Church revival movement of nineteenth century. In the story a teenage girl, Maude went through hard time receiving Holy Eucharist due to self-consciousness and internal guilt according to Puseyism. She felt guilty when she enjoyed worldly things and outward beauty. Due to guilt Maude refused to receive Holy Communion, which is complete connection to God. Her cousin, Agnes suggested that in refusing Holy Communion Maude is following her own will not God's will. Later Maude overcame Puseyite thought of self-hatred and reconciled with her identity as a poet and a woman. Maude oscillates between concealing and revealing, secrecy and truth, sincerity and affectation, and modesty and display. Her marvelous poetic talent makes people praise her but she withholds private feelings and attempts to divert attention from herself. Like Maude herself, the meaning of her poems is at times reserved and withheld. This tendency goes with the doctrine of Reserve in Tractarianism. The doctrine of Reserve utilizes indirect methods to reveal divine attributes because finite human being can not accept infinite God. The doctrine of Reserve sees to it that the expression will be veiled, indirect, subdued and self-effacing. Rossetti adapts a poetic method of Reserve when Maude has anxiety over 'display and poetry' and generates the reticence, secrecy, mystery, renunciation, modesty and detachment. According to Mary Arseneau, by veiling and expressing herself through symbols she can rise above the self and employ the phenomenal to suggest a noumenal reality. Thus the poetry becomes an expression of longing for the divine. The poem "Three Nuns" exemplifies Maude's maturity and gradual progress in the relationship with God. Rossetti suggests the vision full of hopes and promises of reuniting with God. In conclusion, in some sense, authoritative and conservative Tractarianism affects Rossetti both ways. On the one hand, it makes Rossetti abnegate herself and leads her to asceticism, on the other hand, it makes Rossetti express her faith in God and write amazing devotional poems such as "Three Nuns". A poem within the poem has three voices that are in perfect harmony. In the poem the first and second nun show hesitation to fully commit to God's will and the desire for the world prevents them from having heavenly joy. Third nun reveals spiritual maturity and sings new life in God where their hopes and joys begin. Rossetti expresses the procedure of spiritual growth through the poem "Three Nuns". For Rossetti, self-abnegation and self-expression both are involved in the doctrine of Reserve, Puseyism and Holy Communion.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제43권
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• pp.327-354
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• 2016

랭보의 산문시집 "일뤼미나시용"의 "야만"은 형식이나 주제, 비유 등이 난해한 시로 유명하다. 본고는 작품의 난해성을 연구하기 위해 먼저 문법적 구조를 분석하였고, 그런 다음 시의 의미를 살펴보기 위해 저자의 다른 작품과 비교하는 자기텍스트성을 분석하였다. 자기텍스트성은 스티브 머피가 제시한 랭보 산문시 해석의 방법론으로서 저자의 작품과 맺는 내적 상호텍스트성을 말한다. "야만"의 경우 일반적 상호텍스트성의 연구가 없는 것은 아니지만 시의 의미를 크게 규명하지 못한다고 본다. "야만"의 난해성은 무의미 시의 예로 간주되기도 한다. 하지만 시 구조 분석과 자기텍스트성을 통해 볼 때, "야만"은 무의미가 아니라 의미를 구축하고 있다. 이 시는 일반적 운문시나 산문시와 달리 전체가 명사 구문의 비유로만 이루어져 있다. "야만"은 랭보 고유의 문맥에서 파괴, 화합, 재생의 순수한 힘을 의미한다. "야만"은 보들레르의 "이 세상 끝 어디라도"에 대한 랭보 식 답으로, 북극의 불카누스의 화산에 도달하는 영원한 여성의 목소리로 대변되는 현장이라 할 수 있다. "야만"의 읽기는 "일뤼미나시용"의 난해성을 읽어내는 하나의 방법론이 될 수 있다. 본고에서 우리는 "야만"의 언어적 지표의 분석과 자기텍스트성, 그리고 시가 침묵하고 있는 희열과 고독의 이해가 하나의 접근법이 될 수 있음을 분석하였다. 이러한 접근법을 통해 우리는 "일뤼미나시용"의 파편을 개개의 방식으로 연결하고 조합해서 파편들의 스토리를, 모험을 재구성할 수 있으리라 본다.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제23집
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• pp.133-159
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• 2005

이 논문은 한용운의 시조 35편 45수를 대상으로 살펴보았다. 한용운(韓龍雲)의 시조를 관련 한시를 함께 읽으면서 그 소재(素材)가 주제와 연관되는 점을 살펴보았다. 달과 신앙, 봄과 희망, 가을과 상실, 칼과 애국이 그것이다. 달과 신앙에서는 작품으로 ${\ulcorner}$무궁화를 심으과저${\lrcorner}$를 택했다. 이 시조는 모두 3편으로 되어 있는데 세 편 모두에 달이 소재로 사용되었다. 시인이 달의 빛을 따르는 시인의 신앙으로 자리잡은 소재(素材)로 그려졌다. 한시 ${\ulcorner}$옥중감회(獄中感懷)${\lrcorner}$에서 달은 옥중(獄中)에 있는 현실을 극복할 수 있는 明月(명월)로 믿음의 대상이었다. ${\ulcorner}$월방중(月方中)${\lrcorner}$에서는 부처님을 형상화할 때 사용한 것으로 믿음의 대상이라고 보았다. 봄과 희망에는 ${\ulcorner}$조춘(早春)${\lrcorner}$ 3수를 살펴보았다. 첫째 수는 독립운동의 힘을 모으고 더욱 단단히 결속 무장하는 것을 표현했고, 둘째 수에서는 희망을 가지고 묵묵히 현실을 타개하는 매화의 의지를 그렸다. 셋째 수에서는 겨울이 지나면 봄이 온다고 고진감래의 희망을 읊었다. 가을이 상주(喪朱)을 의미하는 경우는 시조 ${\ulcorner}$추야몽(秋夜夢)${\lrcorner}$을 예로 들 수 있다. 시조 ${\ulcorner}$추야몽(秋夜夢)${\lrcorner}$ 첫 수는 가을밤 빗소리로 님을 상실했고, 둘째 수는 상실의 서러움을 그렸고, 셋째 수는 상실의 허전함을 그렸다. 넷째 수는 상실에 대한 한탄을 그렸다. 애국을 주제로 한 시조에는 ${\ulcorner}$남아(男兒)${\lrcorner}$와 ${\ulcorner}$우리님${\lrcorner}$이 있다. 이 시조에는 모두 칼이 소재로 사용되었으며, 조국을 지키는 강열한 의지를 표현하고 있다. 한시 ${\ulcorner}$기학생(寄學生)${\lrcorner}$과 ${\ulcorner}$안해주(安海州)${\lrcorner}$에는 칼이 조국을 위한 도구로 나오는데, ${\ulcorner}$황해천(黃海泉)${\lrcorner}$에는 칼이 조국을 위한 도구로 나오지 않고 매천선생의 절개를 높이 기렸다.