• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was aimed to examine the acute toxicity assessment of two new algicides, thiazolidinediones derivatives (TD53 and TD49), which were synthesized to selectively control red tide, to the marine ecosystem. Methods : The assessment employed by a new method using Ulva pertusa Kjellman which has been recently accepted as a standard method of ISO. The toxicity was assessed by calculating the $EC_{50}$ (Effective Concentration of 50%), NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) using acute toxicity data obtained from exposure experiments. $EC_{50}$ value of TD49 and TD53 was examined by 96-hrs exposure together with Solutol as a TD49 dispersing agent and DMSO as a TD53 solvent. Results : $EC_{50}$ value of TD53 was $1.65\;{\mu}M$. From the results, values of NOEC and PNEC were calculated to be $0.63\;{\mu}M$ and 1.65 nM, respectively. DMSO under the range of $0{\sim}10\;{\mu}M$, which is same solvent concentration used in examining TD53, showed no toxic effect. $EC_{50}$ value of TD49 was $0.18\;{\mu}M$ and that of Solutol was $1.70\;{\mu}M$. NOEC and PNEC of TD49 were $0.08\;{\mu}M$ and 0.18 nM, respectively and those for Solutol were $1.25\;{\mu}M$ and 1.25 nM, respectively. Conclusions : From the values of NOEC, PNEC of TD53 and TD49, TD49 showed 9 times stronger toxicity than TD53. On the other hand, DMSO showed no toxicity on the Ulva pertusa Kjellman, but Solutol was found to be a considerable toxicity by itself.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Objectives: This study intends to evaluate the ecological risk of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and their compounds according to the 2010 action plan on inventory and management for national priority chemicals and provide calculations of risks to the environment. By doing so, we aim to inform risk management measures for the target chemicals. Methods: We conducted species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analysis using the collected ecotoxicity data and obtained predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for the in-water environment using a hazardous concentration of 5% (HC5) protective of most species (95%) in the environment. Based on the calculated PNECs for aquatic organisms, PNEC values for soil and sediment were calculated using the partition coefficient. We also calculated predicted exposure concentration (PEC) from nation-wide environmental monitoring data and then the hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated using PNEC for environmental media. Results: Ecological toxicity data was categorized into five groups and five species for Pb and four groups and four species for As. Based on the HC5 values from SSD analysis, the PNEC value for aquatic organisms was calculated as 0.40 ㎍/L for Pb and 0.13 ㎍/L for As. PNEC values for soil and sediment calculated using a partition coefficient were 77.36 and 350.50 mg/kg for Pb and 24.20 and 112.75 mg/kg for As. The analysis of national environmental monitoring data showed that PEC values in water were 0.284 ㎍/L for Pb and 0.024 ㎍/L for As, while those in soil and sediment were respectively 45.9 and 44 mg/kg for Pb, and 11.40 and 19.80 mg/kg for As. Conclusions: HQs of Pb and As were 0.70 and 0.18 in water, while those in soil and sediment were 0.59 and 0.13 for Pb and 0.47 and 0.18 for As. With HQs <1 of lead and arsenic in the environment, their ecological risk levels are found to be low.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2004

Environmental risk assessment of cadmium compounds was conducted using national monitoring data of aquatic and terrestrial compartments of local area. Aquatic and terrestrial toxicities of cadmium compounds on algae, daphnid, fish, earthworm, springtails and other species were evaluated. The toxicity data evaluated in this study were mainly from ECOTOX database provided by US EPA. Assessment factors were determined according to the EU technical guidance document and/or OECD proposal. Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) values of aquatic and terrestrial toxicity were 25$\mu\textrm{g}$/L and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively and they were compared with cadmium exposure data of several local areas, which were used as Predicted exposure concentration(PEC) values. Most of the local area were found to be not risky. However, the risk values (PEC/NEC) of some metropolitan areas were greater than 1 when the most conservative PNEC value was applied.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2011

In order to perform an acute toxicity assessment of a new algicide, thiazolidinedione derivative (TD53) with enhanced solubility and lower toxicity to marine ecosystem, representative 3 organisms: plant plankton (Skeletonema costatum), animal plankton (Daphnia magna), fish (Paralichthys olivaceus) related in the food chain of marine ecosystem according to OECD standard methods were employed in the exposure experiment. The exposure assessment showed that $EC_50$ of S. costatum in 96-hour, $EC_50$ of D. magna in 48-hour and $LC_50$ of P. olivaceus in 72-hour for TD53 were $1.53\;{\mu}M$, $0.61\;{\mu}M$ and $2.14\;{\mu}M$ respectively. NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) were calculated to be $0.25\;{\mu}M$ and 6.10 nM, respectively from $EC_50$ of most sensitive strain, D. magna. Comparing with the results of toxicity assessment previously performed by using Ulva pertusa Kjellman accepted as an ISO standard method, the values of PNEC showed 3.7 times lower toxicity in case of this study employing 3 organisms, indicating that if the organisms which are more representative and sensitive in marine ecosystem are further investigated, more accurately and validly predicted toxicity of TD53 could be applied in field.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.785-795
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• 2018

국제해사기구는 선체부착생물의 위험성을 인식해서 2011년 '선체부착생물에 의한 외래위해종 이동 저감을 위한 관리 및 제어 가이드라인'을 공표하였고, 향후 이를 강제화하기 위한 국제 협약을 계획하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 향후 강제화 될 국제협약에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해 선체부착생물관리 관련 선도국 사례를 소개하고 수중제거에 대한 환경 위해성 평가 기법에 대해서도 알아보았다. 선체부착생물관리 관련해서 선도국인 호주와 뉴질랜드는 수중제거 시나리오 의거해 수행한 생물 및 화학 위해성 평가를 근간으로 선체부착생물관리규제안을 마련하였다. 자국 정부의 특별한 규정이 없는 대부분의 유럽 국가들은 국제해사기구의 선체부착생물 규정에 따라 수중제거를 수행하는 것으로 확인되었다. 우리나라인 경우 선체부착생물에 대한 국내법은 존재하지 않고, 해양 생태계법에 의거해서 약 17종의 해양생태게교란생물만 지정해서 관리하고 있다. 선박 선체에 대한 수중제거는 외래생물 확산 및 수생 환경으로의 화학 물질 방출을 수반하므로, 생물학적 위해성평가와 화학적 위해성평가를 별개로 수행한 후 이 둘의 평가를 종합하여 수중제거 수용 여부를 판단하였다. 생물학적 위해성평가는 수중제거과정에서 외래생물 유입에 영향을 미치는 핵심요소를 기반으로 40 code의 수중제거 시나리오 작성하고 위해성우선순위(Risk Priority Number, RPN) 점수를 산정하였다. 화학적 위해성평가는 수중제거 시 용출되는 구리(Copper) 농도를 기준으로 MAMPEC(Marine Antifoulant Model to Predict Environmental Concentrations) 모델 프로그램을 사용하여 PEC(Predict Environmental Concentration) 값과 PNEC(Predict No Effect Concentration) 값을 산출하였다. 최종적으로 PEC/PNEC 비의 값이 1 이상이면 화학적 위해성이 높음을 의미한다. R/V 이어호가 부산감천항에서 수중제거를 수행한다는 가정하에 위해성평가를 시범 실시한 결과, 생물학적 위해성은 RPN이 <10,000 이어서 저위험으로 판단되었으나, PEC/PNEC 비의 값이 1 이상으로 화학적 위해성이 높아 최종적으로 수중제거가 불가능한 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 우리나라도 선도국 사례를 참조해서 수중제거기술을 개발하고 또한 국내 항만 현실에 맞는 선체부착생물규제 국내법을 제정해야 할 필요가 있을 것이다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.134-141
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• 1991

대두의 조직배양에서 배양기간중 생화학적 대사산물의 변화와 특성을 조사하기 위하여 개화후 15일된 미숙자엽을 채취하여 기내에서 3주간 배양하였다. 이때의 배양체를 embryogenic callus(EC)와 non-embryogenic callus(NEC)로 구분하였다. EC의 일부는 다시 3주간 계 대배양하여 root forming cultures(RFC)와 shoot forming cultures(SFC)로 구분하였으며, EC의 또 다른 일부는 원형질체의 분리에 사용되었으며, 분리된 원형질체는 4주간 배양하였다. 이때 유기된 배양체를 protoplasts로부터 유기된 embryogenic callus(PEC)와 non-embryogenic callus(PNEC)로 구분하였다. 각각의 배양체에 대하여 단백질 및 그 아미노산조성을 조사한 결과, 아미노산의 조성 은 NEC와 PNEC에서보다 EC와 PEC에 서 methionine의 함량이 현저히 낮은 반면, phenylalanine의 함량이 높았다. 단백질의 양상은 EC에서는 18KD, NEC에서는 22KD 정도에서 차이가 났다. 또한 각각의 배양체에 대한 peroxidase 동위 효소의 활성을 조사한 결과, EC와 PEC에서는 peroxidase isozyme A(piA)의 활성이 높게 나타났으며, RFC와 SFC에서는 peroxidase isozyme B(piB)의 활성이 높았다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2018

Objectives: We conducted ecological risk assessment for cadmium, a heavy metal and carcinogen, to identify safety standards by environmental media and to determine its impact on ecosystems by estimating and evaluating exposure levels. Methods: Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) were generated using ECOTOX DB. A hazardous concentration of 5% (HC5) protective of most species (95%) in the environment was estimated. Using this estimate, predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) were calculated for aquatic organisms. Based on the calculated PNECs for aquatic organisms, PNEC values for soil and sediment were calculated using the partition coefficient. Predicted exposure concentrations (PECs) were also calculated from environmental monitoring data with hazard quotients (HQs) calculated using PNECs for environmental media. Results: Chronic toxicity data were categorized into four groups and 11 species. In species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analysis, HC5 was $0.340{\mu}g/L$. Based on this value, the PNEC value for aquatic organisms was calculated as $0.113{\mu}g/L$. PNEC values for soil and sediments using a partition coefficient were calculated as 15.02 mg/kg and 90.61 mg/kg, respectively. In an analysis of environmental monitoring data, PEC values were calculated as $0.017{\mu}g/L$ for water, 1.01 mg/kg for soil, and 0.521 mg/kg for sediment. Conclusions: HQs were 0.150, 0.067 and 0.006 for water, soil and sediment, respectively. HQs of secondary toxicity were 0.365 for birds and 0.024 for mammals. In principle, it is judged that an HQ above 1 indicates a high level of risk concern while an HQ less than 1 indicates an extremely low level of risk concern. Therefore, with HQs of cadmium in the environment being <1, its risk levels can be considered low for each media.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.281-291
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• 2012

MPUV와 Plasma를 사용하여 선박의 평형수를 처리하는 ARA Plasma BWTS가 개발되었으며, 이로부터 방류되는 배출수가 해양생태계 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 Skeletonema costatum, Tigriopus japonicus 및 Paralichthys olivaceus를 이용하여 배출수독성시험과 생성된 화학물질에 대한 환경위해성을 평가하였다. 34 psu 배출수는 P. olivaceus에 대하여 미약한 만성 독성영향을 보였다($7d-LC_{50}{\Rightarrow}100.00%$ 배출수, $7d-LC_{25}{\Rightarrow}85.15%$ 배출수). 34 psu 배출수에서 Bromobenzene, chlorobenzene과 4-chlorotoluene이 해수의 배경농도보다 높게 검출되었다. MAMPEC을 이용한 Bromobenzene, chlorobenzene과 4-chlorotoluene의 PEC 산출결과는 각각 3.34E-03, 2.10E-03 및 1.73E-03 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$이었고, PNEC는 1.6, 0.5 및 1.9 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$였다. 세 화학물질의 PEC/PNEC 비율은 1을 초과하지 않았고, PBT 특성을 보이지 않았다. 따라서 WET test 결과와 환경위해성평가결과는 ARA Plasma BWTS에 의하여 처리된 해수가 해양생태계에 수용 불가한 영향을 미치지 않을 것임을 시사하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.348-355
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• 2017

인간활동에 의한 토양오염은 지속적으로 발생되고 있으며, 이를 과학적이고 합리적으로 관리하기 위한 인체 및 생태 위해성평가의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 하지만 국내에서 생태계를 수용체로 하는 위해성평가에 대한 제도적 장치가 마련되어 있지 않으며, 이에 대한 평가체계와 활용가능한 기반 마련이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서는 국내형 토양생태 위해성평가(soil ecological risk assessment) 체계를 제시하였으며, 이를 수행하기 위한 구체적인 내용들을 정리하였다. 토양생태 위해성평가는 오염물질에 대한 생태계 보호수준을 의미하는 예측무영향농도 산출을 목적으로 하고, 토양생태 독성자료 수집 및 적합성 확인, 토양생태 독성자료 표준화, 생태독성자료 충족도 확인 및 예측무영향농도 산출, 생태위해도결정의 단계로 수행할 수 있다. 수집된 생태독성자료는 신뢰도지수에 따라 적합성을 먼저 확인하며, 필요기준(국내 서식종, 급 만성, 독성종말점, 토양특성 분류)에 따라 순차적으로 정리하여 평가체계에 적용하는 방안을 제안하였다. 예측무영향농도는 생태독성자료 수준에 따라 저신뢰, 중간신뢰, 그리고 고신뢰 수준 중 하나의 산출 기법을 이용하며, 이를 통해 최종적으로 생태 위해도를 결정하는 방식을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 차후 토양오염물질에 대한 생태위해성평가 지침 제정에 있어 기본 체계로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.527-532
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• 2010

A thiazolidinedione derivative, TD49 with the highly selective algicide to red tide was newly synthesized and its acute toxicity was examined in order to evaluate the effect on aquatic ecosystems of coast. Major three species having important role in the food chain of marine ecosystem, such as Skeletonema costatum of microalgae, Daphnia magna of crustacea, Paralichthys olivaceus of flatfish fingerling were employed for the acute toxicity assessment. $EC_50$ or $LC_50$ as the assessment criterion was investigated to each specie, and NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) from most sensitive specie to toxicity of TD49 were further calculated. $EC_50$ of S. costatum in 96-hour, $EC_50$ of D. magna in 48-hour, and $LC_50$ of P. olivaceus in 72-hour for TD49 were $0.34\;{\mu}M$, $0.68\;{\mu}M$, and $0.58\;{\mu}M$, respectively. NOEC from the results of S. costatum was estimated to be $0.20\;{\mu}M$ and PNEC was estimated as 3.40 nM by applying factor value of 100 to $EC_50$ $0.34\;{\mu}M$ of S. costatum. In addition, it was revealed that Solutol used as the dispersing agent of TD49 had very little toxic influence under the concentration range of $0{\sim}0.4\;{\mu}M$ used in TD49 toxicity experiment. Although the estimated concentration of TD49 that will be sprayed onto the coastal field for the algicide is higher than NOEC value, it is considered that the spraying concentration would not be a considerable problem due to a dilution effect by tide at the opened coast.