• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1045-1055
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• 2017

Characterization of spatio-temporal variations in $PM_{2.5}$ in Gyeongnam (GN) province during 2015-2016 was investigated to assess the air quality in this area in terms of fine particles. Yearly mean concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ ranged from 19.1 to $29.5{\mu}gm^{-3}$. High concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were observed in spring ($21.2-30.3{\mu}gm^{-3}$) and winter ($20.2-30.3{\mu}gm^{-3}$). Low concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were generally observed in fall ($16.2-23.2{\mu}gm^{-3}$). $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was highest in the morning (10 AM). The fractions of $PM_{2.5}$ in $PM_{10}$ were 0.51-0.62 and two were significantly correlated (r=0.779-0.830), suggesting common sources (fossil fuel combustion, mobile sources, etc). CO was significantly correlated with $PM_{2.5}$ in highly urbanized areas such as the city of Changwon (CW, r=0.711), compared to other air pollutants ($SO_2$, $NO_2$, and $O_3$), suggesting dominance of industrial combustion sources.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.532-538
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• 2020

Objectives: The study evaluated correlations among monthly PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, Pb concentrations and the number of Asian dust days. Methods: Based on data from 'The annual report on air quality in Korea from 1999 to 2017', concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, Pb, and the number of Asian dust days were recalculated to mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum. Correlation coefficients were calculated among PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, Pb, and Asian dust days. Results: Asian dust days were correlated only with PM₁₀ among the four factors of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, and Pb. The four factors of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, and Pb were very significantly correlated with each other (p<0.01). Their correlation coefficients for PM₁₀ were 0.800 for PM_2.5, 0.823 for Cd, and 0.892 for Pb. PM_2.5 was also correlated strongly with Cd (0.845) and Pb (0.830). Cd had a correlation with Pb of 0.971. The maximums of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and Pb were shown to exceed the atmospheric environmental standard of Korea, which necessitates national continuous exposure control. Based on exposure data, Asian dust days were thought to be an exposure factor for Cd and Pb. Conclusion: Asian dust might be a factor in Cd and Pb exposure. National exposure controls are required for exposure to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, and Pb.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2020

Particulate matter (PM) is regarded as a major threat to public health and safety in urban areas. Despite a variety of efforts to systemically monitor the distribution of PM, the limited amount of sampling sites may not provide sufficient coverage over the areas where the monitoring stations are not located in close proximity. This study examined the capacity of using remotely sensed data to estimate the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Seoul, South Korea. Multiple linear regression models were developed using the multispectral band data from the Moderate-resolution imaging spectro-radiometer equipped on Terra (MODIS) and Operational Land Imager equipped on Landsat 8 (Landsat 8) and meteorological parameters. Compared to MODIS-derived models (r² = 0.25 for PM10, r² = 0.30 for PM2.5), the Landsat 8-derived models showed improved model reliabilities (r² = 0.17 to 0.57 for PM10, r² = 0.47 to 0.71 for PM2.5). Landsat 8 model-derived PM concentration and ground-truth PM measurements were cross-validated to each other to examine the capability of the models for estimating the PM concentration. The modeled PM concentrations showed a stronger correlation to PM10 (r = 0.41 to 0.75) than to PM2.5 (r = 0.14 to 0.82). Overall, the results indicate that Landsat 8-derived models were more suitable in estimating the PM concentrations. Despite the day-to-day fluctuation in the model reliability, several models showed strong correspondences of the modeled PM concentrations to the PM measurements.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2021

본 연구는 산란계사 사육형태별 봄철의 미세먼지(PM) 및 암모니아(NH₃) 배출 농도를 측정하기 위해 수행하였다. 평사, Aviary 그리고 Cage 계사에서 미세먼지 및 암모니아 농도를 3~5월 동안 2주 간격으로 3회(24시간/회) 측정하였다. PM₁₀과 PM_2.5 농도는 24시간 동안 유사한 경향을 보였으며, 22:00부터 04:00까지 낮게 나타났다. 평사와 케이지 계사의 PM(PM₁₀, PM_2.5) 농도는 유사하게 나타났으며, 일일 편차도 심하게 보이지 않았다. 평사 계사에서는 중앙과 끝에서 24시간 동안 측정한 NH₃ 농도가 일정하게 나타났다. 측정 위치와 관계없이 평사에서 NH₃ 농도가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 평사와 Aviary 계사에서는 중앙보다 끝에서 측정된 NH₃ 농도가 더 높았으나, 케이지 계사에서는 끝에서 측정된 NH₃ 농도가 더 낮았다. 계사 주변의 PM₁₀과 PM_2.5 농도는 각각 57.5 ㎍/m³와 34.0 ㎍/m³이었다. 일평균 PM₁₀과 PM_2.5 농도는 Aviary 계사에서 4,730 ㎍/m³와 447.7 ㎍/m³로 가장 높았다. 계사 중앙과 끝의 NH₃ 농도는 케이지 계사에서 12.0 ppm과 9.31 ppm으로 가장 높았다. PM₁₀과 PM_2.5의 배출계수는 케이지에서 가장 낮았으며, NH₃의 배출계수는 가장 높았다(P>0.05). 결론적으로, PM(PM₁₀, PM_2.5) 농도는 Aviary 계사에서, NH₃ 농도는 Cage 계사에서 각각 높게 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.156-165
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• 2018

Long-term trend analysis on air pollutant concentrations is very important to diagnose the present status and plan for the future. In this study, the long-term trends of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were estimated based on the relationship between the visibility and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration regarding the effects of relative humidity in Seoul and Chuncheon. The relationships between the visibility and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration were derived from the measurement data in 2015 and 2016. Then, the annual trends of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration from 1982 to 2014 were estimated and compared to those of $PM_{10}$ concentration available in Seoul and Chuncheon. During the estimation process, four ranges of relative humidity were considered such as less than 30%, 31~50%, 51~70%, and 71~90%. In Seoul and Chuncheon, the visibility and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration generally have the inverse relationship while the visibility decreases as the relative humidity increases. The estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations similarly showed the decreasing tendencies from 2006 to 2012 in Seoul and Chuncheon. However, the estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations showed the increasing tendency before 2005 in Chuncheon in contrast to the decreasing tendency in Seoul. This implies that the long-term trends of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in different cities in South Korea reflect the local influencing factors. For example, 'Special Act on the Improvement of Atmospheric Environment in the Seoul Metropolitan Area' can affect the different long-term trends in Seoul and Chuncheon. The estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were validated with the measured ones in Seoul and Chuncheon. While the general tendencies were well matched between the estimated and measured concentrations, the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration trends in 1990s and their monthly variations are needed to be improved quantitatively using more reference data for longer years.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제22권E1호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2006

Mass size distributions of atmospheric particles in Cheonan were determined using a high volume air sampler equipped with a 5-stage cascade impactor. Bimodal distributions that are typical for urban atmospheric particles were obtained. A MMD of the fine particle mode was $0.47{\pm}0.05{\mu}m$ with a GSD of $2.72{\pm}0.21$, and those of the coarse particles were $5.15{\pm}0.18{\mu}m\;and\;2.09{\pm}0.09$, respectively. The annual average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 74.1, 67.5, 54.2, and $42.3{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Although the daily PM10 concentrations were under the current National Standard, the daily PM2.5 concentrations frequently exceeded the US Standard even in non asian dust periods. The fractions of PM 10, PM2.5, and PM1 in TSP were $0.905{\pm}0.013,\;0.723{\pm}0.022,\;and\;0.572{\pm}0.029$, respectively, and fine mode particles occupied $57{\sim}72%$ of the total particle mass. The results indicate that fine particles were at the concerning level, and should be the target pollutant for the regional air quality strategy in Cheonan.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.313-321
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• 2017

$PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were collected at the Gosan Site on Jeju Island from 2013 to 2015, and their ionic and elemental species were analyzed to examine the variations in their chemical compositional characteristics related to different meteorological conditions. Concentrations of nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ were respectively 6.5 and 4.7 times higher in the fine particle mode ($PM_{2.5}$) compared to the coarse particle mode ($PM_{10-2.5}$), however $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations were 2.4 times higher in the coarse mode compared to the fine particle mode. During Asian dust days, the concentrations of nss-$Ca^{2+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ increased to 8.2 and 5.0 times higher in $PM_{10}$, and 3.5 and 6.0 times higher in $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. During haze days, the concentrations of secondary pollutants increased by 3.1-4.7 and 3.2-7.9 in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, respectively, and they were, respectively, 1.2-2.1 and 0.9-2.1 times higher on mist days. The aerosols were acidified largely by sulfuric and nitric acids, and neutralized mainly by ammonia in the fine particle mode during the haze days, but neutralized by calcium carbonate in coarse particle mode during the Asian dust days. Clustered back trajectory analysis showed that concentrations of nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$ were relatively high when air masses travelled from China.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the concentrations of TSP, PM10 and heavy metals(Pb, Cd,Hg, Ni, Zn) of underground parking lots in Taegu city. The samples were collected from 3 department stores and 1 central park in the winter and the summer, 1997. The samples of 3 department stores were divided into sale period and non-sale period in the winter and the summer. The concentrations of TSP and PM10 were 109.6±1.5㎍/㎥ and 93.3±1.5㎍/㎥. In TSP, the zinc was the highest level, 287.16±1.5ng/㎥ and the cadmium was the lowest, 2.4±2.1ng/㎥ and in PM10, the zinc was the highest level, 193.6±1.5ng/㎥ and the cadmium was the lowest, 0.6±3.9ng/㎥. The correlation coefficient between the concentration of TSP and PM10 was 0.982(p<0.05). The correlation coefficients of corresponding heavy metal in TSP and PM10 were 0.863 for lead, 0.617 for mercury, 0.890 for nickel and 0.850 for zinc(p<0.05). The concentrations of TSP, PM10 and cadmium of PM10 in the winter were higher than those of the summer. However, the concentration of Hg of PM10 in the summer was higher than that of the winter. The concentrations of TSP and PM10 in sale period was higher than those of non-sale period and the concentrations of heavy metal in TSP and PM10 were not significantly different between sale and non-sale period. The proportions of PM10 to TSP were above 60% in dust, lead, nickel, and zinc and less than 40% in cadmium and mercury. The concentrations of TSP, PM10 and heavy metal in the underground parking lots were comparatively lower than those of general atmosphere. However, this kind of research to PM10 in the underground parking lots must be continued because it is very important particulate matter that affects human beng's health.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.777-784
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• 2015

This study investigates weekday/weekend characteristics of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and metallic elements in Busan in the springtime of 2013. $PM_{10}$ concentration on weekday/weekend were 77.54 and $67.28{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. And $PM_{2.5}$ concentration on weekday/weekend were 57.81 and $43.83{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Also, $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio on weekdays/weekend was 0.75 and 0.65, respectively. The contribution rates of Na to total metallic elements in $PM_{10}$ on weekday/weekend were 38.3% and 38.9%, respectively. It would be useful in control effectively with management of urban fine particle to understand characteristics of fine particle concentration on weekday/weekend.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Temporal trends of the PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations, and the concentrations of chemical species (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, OC, and EC) in PM2.5 at Seoul are compared with the reported results from other mega cities in the world. The mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 at Seoul show decreasing trend. However, the concentration levels are still higher than other cities except Beijing. The sulfate concentration at Seoul has decreased while those of nitrate and ammonium have increased. The concentrations of OC and EC show no apparent trend.