• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.2689-2694
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• 2011

Novel 5'-norcarbocyclic adenine and guanine phosphonic acid analogues with 6'-electronegative moiety such as unsaturated C-C bond were designed and synthesized from commercially available 2-methylene-propane-1,3-diol (4). Regioselective Mitsunobu reaction successfully proceeded from an allylic functional group (${\pm}$)-12b at low reaction temperature in polar cosolvent (DMF/1,4-dioxane) to give purine phosphonate analogues (${\pm}$)-13 and (${\pm}$)-20. The purine nucleoside phosphonate and phosphonic acid analogues were subjected to antiviral screening against HIV-1. Guanine analogue (${\pm}$)-23 shows significant anti-HIV activity in PBM cell lines ($EC_{50}=8.1\;{\mu}M$).

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Seonpyejeongcheon-tang (SJT) for chronic cough. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients with chronic cough who had treated with SJT between September 2010 and October 2011 were analyzed. We estimated the effectiveness of the treatment by Borg Cough Scale (BCS). Results: Mean period of cough duration was $15.19{\pm}8.70$ and mean period of treatment was $7.58{\pm}2.55$. SJT treatment significantly decreased the score of BCS from $6.32{\pm}1.30$ to $1.84{\pm}0.97$ (p<0.001). Disappearance rate of cough was 32% after SJT treatment. Conclusion: SJT seems to be effective in the treatment of chronic cough. Further studies are recommended to confirm this effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2003

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals, to compare the measured values of calcium and the labeled values in food labeling and to analyze the ratio of calcium to other minerals in 43 calcium-fortified Food products sold in markets in Seoul, Korea. Content of minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn was measured by atomic absorption or colorimetric method after dry-ashing or wet-ashing. The measured values of calcium were ranged 65.5~343.9% of the labeled values in 43 calcium-fortified products. In 21 calcium-fortified food products, the measured calcium values were ranged 120～160% of the labeled values, and in three drinks those were less than 80% of the labeled, which is not acceptable to the food regulation. The ratios of Ca:P were 2.63$\pm$1.99 (mean$\pm$SD) in grain Products, 1.79$\pm$0.39 in Ramyuns, 2.80$\pm$0.53 in retort pouch food products and 8.35$\pm$12.87 in drinks. The Ca:Fe ratios were 126.33$\pm$44.36 in grain products, 130.65$\pm$34.67 in Ramyuns, 120.31$\pm$71.15 in retort pouch food products and 700.25$\pm$553.70 in drinks. The ratios of Ca:Mg were 11.86$\pm$5.40 in grain products, 9.29$\pm$1.34 in Ramyuns, 9.09$\pm$2.09 in retort pouch food products and 32.50$\pm$41.35 in drinks. The P:Mg ratios were 4.11$\pm$1.54 in grain products, 4.17$\pm$0.67 in Ramyuns, 2.58$\pm$0.45 in retort pouch food Products and 2.59$\pm$2.50 in drinks. These results suggest calcium contents and the ratio of calcium contents to other minerals in calcium-fortified food products should be strictly controlled.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.237-242
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• 1993

Combined intramuscular administration of ketamine 8mg/kg. xylazine 2mg/kg were done to evaluate effect of anesthesia in Siberian tiger White tiger and Bengal tiger. Mean induction time(MIT), mean arousal time-(MAT). mean walking time(MWT) and clinical sign were evaluated. The results were as follows. MIT were taken 16.1$\pm$3.5 minutes for Siberian tiger. 15.5$\pm$2.4 minutes for White tiger and 12.3$\pm$2.5 minutes for Bengal tiger. MAT were taken 44.2$\pm$9.5 minutes for Siberian tiger, 48.3$\pm$8.6 minutes for White tiger and 58.7$\pm$5.8 minutes for Bengal tiger. MWT were taken 110.6$\pm$11.6 minutes for Siberian tiger, 106.7$\pm$13.1 minutes for White tiger and 99.6$\pm$10.2 minutes for Bengal tiger. Nausea. vomiting. salivation. severe convulsion. sudden decreased respiration and dyspnea were observed in Siberian tiger during sedation and anesthesia. Also, nausea, vomiting, salivation and convulsion were observed in White tiger and Bengal tiger but the clinical signs were more mild than Siberian tiger. The Bengal tiger which used combined ketamine 5mg/kg , xylazine 1mg/kg were shown reduced induction time compare with combined administration ketamine 8mg/kg, xylazine 2mg/kg in Bengal tiger as 10.8$\pm$32 minutes for MIT. 32.3$\pm$4.3 minutes for MAT and 78.5$\pm$7.3 minutes for MWT Vomiting and convulsion were observed during induction time but there were no nausea and salivation. The present results suggested that preventive methods against severe convulsion and dyspnea should be required in Siberian tiger when combined anesthesia of ketamine 8mg/kg, xylazine 2mg/kg used. Combined anesthesia of ketamine 5mg/kg, xylazine 1mg/kg in Bengal tiger might be very effective for simple surgical procedure and diagnosis.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.405-412
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a gratitude training program for preservice dental hygienists affects their gratitude disposition, self-esteem, and happiness. Dental hygiene students were recruited from a college in D and administered a pretest. The 76 selected participants were primarily those who had never written a gratitude journal. Participants were then randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. Three participants failed to complete the program, leaving 73 subjects in the final analysis. Data were analyzed using the ${\chi}^2$ test, independent sample t-test, and analysis of covariance. The mean gratitude disposition score improved from $31.11{\pm}5.55$ in the pretest to $34.41{\pm}4.38$ in the posttest in the experimental group and from $31.44{\pm}4.41$ to $32.06{\pm}4.63$ in the control group. The mean self-esteem score improved from $31.22{\pm}4.03$ to $33.16{\pm}3.44$ in the experimental group and from $30.53{\pm}4.42$ to $30.97{\pm}3.80$ in the control group. The mean happiness score improved from $19.54{\pm}2.64$ to $21.78{\pm}2.43$ in the experimental group and from $19.64{\pm}3.32$ to $20.08{\pm}2.91$ in the control group. All of the participants improved their gratitude disposition, self-esteem, and happiness scores while participating in the gratitude training program, and it is expected that if such positive emotions can be sustained, they will naturally acquire the basic requirements of dental hygienists and build a better vocational consciousness and a higher sense of duty, as well as have a further positive effect on the quality of dental medical service. Further studies should be conducted to propose a concrete plan to expand and operate this gratitude training program more effectively.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.311-316
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• 1978

The reaction between iron(III) and Xylenol Orange (XO or $H_6A$) has been investigated spectrophotometrically. It has been established that iron (III) and XO form two complexes with compositions iron(III) : XO = 2 : 1 and 1 : 1. The 2 : 1 complex is stable in acidic medium containing excess of iron, and 1 : 1 complex is stable in slightly acidic medium containing excess of XO. The absorption maxima are at 590 nm (2 : 1) and 500 nm (1 : 1), the molar absorptivities being $3.18{\pm}0.04{\times}10^4,\;1.32{\pm}0.03{\times}10^4$respectively. The stability constants of two complexes studied by varying pH are $loglog{\beta}_{21}=18.69{\pm}0.03,\;log{\beta}_{212}=42.08{\pm}0.09,\;log{\beta}_{11}=4.17{\pm}0.04,\;and\;log{\beta}_{113}=34.47{\pm}0.07.$

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

The caffeine intake cause a local or wide ranges of convulsion and it is associated with release of dopamine (DA) receptors into the brain striatum. However, the effect of caffeine addiction on expression of DA receptors gene in the rat caudate-putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and olfactory tubercle (OTu) has not been elucidated. In this study, we examined the influence of caffeine addiction on DA D $_1$and D$_2$receptor mRNAs after the treatment of caffeine for four weeks. Using the specific antisense ribo-probes for DA D$_1$and D$_2$receptor cDNAs, in situ hybridization was performed on the CPu, NAc, and OTu of the adult male Sprague Dawely rats. In caffeine-treated group, DA D$_1$and D$_2$receptor mRNAs were highly increased in CPu, NAc, and OTu. The expression density of DA D$_1$receptor mRNAs were 2.52${\pm}$1.40 (CPu), 2.78${\pm}$1.69 (NAc), and 3.91${\pm}$1.28 (OTu) in control group and 7.76${\pm}$2.09 (CPu), 4.2 ${\pm}$1.85 (NAc), and 8.21${\pm}$1.72 (OTu) in caffeine-treated group. The expression density of DA D$_2$receptor mRNA was 2.32${\pm}$1.52 (CPu), 2.63${\pm}$2.11 (NAc), and 3.61${\pm}$1.43 (OTu) in control group, and 6.41${\pm}$1.82 (CPu), 6.89${\pm}$1.32 (NAc), and 6.82${\pm}$1.18 (OTu) in caffeine-treated group. DA D$_1$receptor mRNA was higher expressed than DA D$_2$ receptor mRNA in CPu and NAc. These results suggest that caffeine reacts as a upregulator of the expression of DA D$_1$and D$_2$receptor mRNA among the neurotransmitters.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2017

To increase the productivity of in vitro development, the antioxidants have been used for culture system of bovine oocytes and embryos. However, comparative studies on these molecules are rare and direct beneficial effects on blastocyst production cannot be discriminated for best results. The study was conducted to determine the influence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), N-acetyl-L-cysteine amide (NACA), glutathione (GSH) and cysteamime (CYS) on maturation competence of COCs from GV to MII stage and productivity of blastocyst formation during in vitro fertilization and culture. There was no difference among maturation rates of oocytes to metaphase II with polar body with antioxidants for any of the treatment groups (p>0.05). However, the significant improvement on the rate of blastocysts ($32.3{\pm}5.0%$) was found in 0.1 mM CYS treatment than 0.3 mM NAC, 0.2 mM NACA or 0.5mM GSH (p<0.05). The addition of NAC ($18.8{\pm}3.7%$) or NACA ($21.2{\pm}3.9%$) did not improve development competence to morula and blastocysts than control ($24.4{\pm}4.1%$) and GSH ($26.5{\pm}5.0%$) (p>0.05). Our study showed that medium supplementation with CYS during IVM and IVC improved the rate of bovine embryo development but not with NAC, NACA and GSH addition.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2012

The spawning site characters in the natural environment of bull-head torrent catfish, Liobagrus obesus, were investigated at the part of the Gosan stream in Korea from April to October 2010 and June 2011. The sex ratio of female to male was 1 : 1.02. Spawning season was from June to July with water temperature in approximately $23^{\circ}C$. The spawning sites were covered by the boulder used upper plate and were composed of gravel and sand. One male lies with the egg mass and guards the developing embryos in the hollow below the boulder. The environmental conditions of the spawning sites were $61.4{\pm}11.97$ (50~85) cm in depth, 0.58${\pm}0.067$ (0.48~0.72) m/sec in surface water velocity, $0.46{\pm}0.098$ (0.27~0.61) m/sec in middle water velocity, $0.27{\pm}0.083$ (0.14~0.41) m/sec in bottom water velocity. The boulder width as spawning sites was $26.2{\pm}5.32$ (20~38) cm in long axis, $20.5{\pm}2.97$ (16~25) cm in short axis and $11.1{\pm}4.02$ (5~19) cm in height. The hollow underneath the boulder was $9.8{\pm}2.32$ (6~14) cm in diameter and $2.8{\pm}1.10$ (1.5~5) cm in depth. The average number of eggs in ovary was $124{\pm}27.7$ (92~180). The matured egg size was $3.40{\pm}0.078$ (3.21~3.56) mm. The average number of spawning eggs in the spawning site was $99{\pm}12.9$ (81~122).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.291-298
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Problem-Based Learning on Academic Resilience, Learning Flow, and Academic Motivation in nursing students. Methods: Research design was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 121 sophomore nursing students from two universities. They were divided into the Problem-Based Learning group (n=61) and Lecture-Based Learning group (n=60). The data were analyzed by Chi-square, paired t-test, and independent t-test. Results: In the PBL group, there was statistically significant improvement in Academic Resilience after intervention (pretest $3.88{\pm}.36$, posttest $4.00{\pm}.38$, p<.001). However, no statistically significant difference was found in the Lecture-Based Learning (LBL) group (pretest $3.86{\pm}.43$, posttest $3.93{\pm}.17$). In terms of Learning Flow, there was statistically significant improvement in the PBL group (pretest $3.31{\pm}.41$, posttest $3.51{\pm}.42$). However, no significant change was identified in the LBL group (pretest $3.45{\pm}.42$, posttest $3.48{\pm}.47$. Academic motivation was improved in the LBL group (pretest $3.32{\pm}.30$, posttest $3.46{\pm}.32$, p=.002) as well as in the PBL group (pretest $3.26{\pm}.23$, posttest $3.47{\pm}.21$, p<.001). Both results were statistically significant. Conclusion: These results suggest that Problem-Based Learning could be more effective for nursing students in improving their academic achievement. Further studies need to be investigated.