• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권6_3호
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• pp.1733-1741
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• 2020

본 연구는 다변량 통계분석을 이용하여 다양한 기상인자가 대기 중 미세먼지(pariculate matter 10, PM10) 농도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 대기 중 PM10 농도에 따른 빗물 수질 변화를 평가하였다. 총 11회의 강우 이벤트를 대상으로 강우 전후의 대기 중 PM10 농도를 실시간 측정하였으며, 총 183개 빗물 샘플을 수집하여 pH와 EC (electrical conductivity)를 실시간 측정하고 양이온(Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, NH4+) 및 음이온(Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) 농도를 분석하였다. 측정된 데이터를 바탕으로 대기 중 PM10 농도, 기상인자, 빗물 수질 간 상관관계를 규명하기 위해 주성분 분석(principal component analysis, PCA)과 피어슨 상관분석(Pearson correlation analysis)을 실시하였다. 강우 유형 1(강우 강도: > 5 mm/h)의 경우, 누적 강우량에 따른 대기 중 PM10 농도는 유의한 음의 상관관계(r = -0.55, p < 0.05)를 보였으며 대기 중 PM10 농도는 빗물 내 수용성 이온(r = 0.25) 농도와 EC (r = 0.4)를 증가시키는 요인으로 작용하며, 빗물의 pH는 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다(r = -0.7). 반면, 강우 유형 2(강우강도: <5 mm/h)의 경우, 누적강우량과 대기 중 PM10 농도는 음의 상관관계를 보이지 않았으며, 대기 중 PM10 농도와 빗물 수질 간 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2015

To establish National Reference Method (NRM) for $PM_{2.5}$, operational performance of 5 different commercial gravimetric-based $PM_{2.5}$ measuring instruments was assessed at Bulkwang monitoring station from January 23, 2014 to February 28, 2014. First, physical properties, design, and functional performance of the instruments were assessed. Evaluation was carried out to determine whether operating method for the instruments and levels of QA/QC activities meet the data quality objectives (DQOs). To verify whether DQOs were satisfied, reproducibility of QA/QC procedures, accuracy, relative sensitivity, limit of detection, margin of error, and coefficient of determination of the instruments were also evaluated. Results of flow rate measurement of 15 candidate instruments indicated that all the instruments met performance criteria with accuracy deviation of 4.0% and reproducibility of 0.6%. Comparison of final $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentrations showed that the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) values were greater than or equal to 0.9995, and concentration gradient ranged from 0.97 to 1.03. All the instruments satisfied criteria for NRM with the estimated precision of 1.47~2.60%, accuracy of -1.90~3.00%, and absolute accuracy of 1.02~3.12%. This study found that one particular type of measuring instrument was proved to be excellent, with overall evaluation criteria satisfied.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.333-342
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• 2015

Objectives: The $1.8{\pm}1.5$purpose of the study was to investigate the oral health related quality of life according to work factors of firefighters in Korea. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 270 firefighters in Changwon, Gimhae, and Ulsan from June 27 to July 24, 2011 after receiving informed consent. The questionnaire consisted of 5 questions of general characteristics of the subjects, 6 questions of job-related characteristics, and 14 questions of oral health related quality of life(OHIP-14). Data analysis was performed with reliability test, descriptive analysis, t-test, analysis of variance(ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis using SAS(version 9.2) program. Results: The score of oral health related quality of life in firefighters was $10.1{\pm}8.0$. The scores of subscale of the oral health quality of life were $2.4{\pm}1.5$ in physical pain, $1.8{\pm}1.5$ in psychological discomfort, $1.5{\pm}1.5$ in physical disability, $1.4{\pm}1.5$ in functional limitation, $1.3{\pm}1.4$ psychological disability, $0.9{\pm}1.3$ in handicap, and $0.7{\pm}1.3$ in social disability. The related factors of oral health quality of life in firefighters were rank(p=0.016) and the frequency of daily mobilization(p=0.029). Conclusions: Oral health related quality of life in firefighters was relatively in good condition. For the better oral health related quality of life in firefighters, it is important to establish the continuing oral health promotion program for those who have irregular job characteristics and job intensity.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.509-520
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 기상조건 변화에 따른 우리나라 $PM_{10}$ 농도변화 범위를 정량적으로 산정하기 위하여, 2010년에서 2014년까지(5년간) 모델의 입력자료인 국내외 배출량을 동일하게 가정하였을 때 기상조건에 따른 우리나라 $PM_{10}$ 농도변화 범위를 분석하였다. 본 분석에 사용된 모델은 WRF(ver.3.8.1)과 CMAQ(ver.5.0.2)이며, 기상 입력자료는 NCEP FNL $1^{\circ}{\times}1^{\circ}$ 자료, 국외 배출량 목록은 MIX 2010, 국내 배출량 목록은 CAPSS 2010을 이용하였다. 모델 모사결과는 2010년의 전국 일평균 $PM_{10}$ 농도에 대해 측정값과 0.82의 R값을 보이며 실제 $PM_{10}$ 농도의 증감경향을 잘 나타냈지만, 모델은 실제 $PM_{10}$ 농도와 비교하여 과소모의 하는 것으로 나타났다. 기상 및 대기질 모델을 통해 모사된 우리나라 연평균 $PM_{10}$ 농도는 기상조건의 변화로 인해 2010년 대비 평균적으로 약 $2.6{\mu}g/m^3$의 농도변화를 나타내었으며, 계절별로는 봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울에 대해 각각 $4.8{\mu}g/m^3$, $1.7{\mu}g/m^3$, $1.7{\mu}g/m^3$, $4.2{\mu}g/m^3$의 표준편차를 나타내며 봄철과 겨울철에 상대적으로 큰 $PM_{10}$ 농도 차이를 나타냈다. 전국 18개 권역을 대상으로한 지역별 분석 결과에서는 기상조건의 변화로 인해 모든 지역에서 연평균 $PM_{10}$ 농도가 $1.0{\mu}g/m^3$ 이상의 표준편차를 나타냈으며, 특히 서울과 경기북부, 경기남부, 강원영서, 충북 지역의 경우 $2.0{\mu}g/m^3$ 이상으로 타 지역에 비해 상대적으로 높은 차이를 나타냈다.

• 대기
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.541-551
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• 2016

A real-time quality control algorithm for $PM_{10}$ concentration measured by Continuous Ambient Particulate Monitor (FH62C14, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) has been developed. The quality control algorithm for $PM_{10}$ data consists of five main procedures. The first step is valid value check. The values should be within the acceptable range limit. Upper ($5,000{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) and lower ($0{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) values of instrument detectable limit have to be eliminated as being unrealistic. The second step is valid error check. Whenever unusual condition occurs, the instrument will save error code. Value having an error code is eliminated. The third step is persistence check. This step checks on a minimum required variability of data during a certain period. If the $PM_{10}$ data do not vary over the past 60 minutes by more than the specific limit ($0{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) then the current 5-minute value fails the check. The fourth step is time continuity check, which is checked to eliminate gross outlier. The last step is spike check. The spikes in the time series are checked. The outlier detection is based on the double-difference time series, using the median. Flags indicating normal and abnormal are added to the raw data after quality control procedure. The quality control algorithm is applied to $PM_{10}$ data for Asian dust and non-Asian dust case at Seoul site and dataset for the period 2013~2014 at 26 sites in Korea.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.150-154
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• 2008

This study was investigated that quality inspection of distributed Scutellariae Radix in Korea. To evaluate the quality of these herbal medicines, we carried out TLC pattern, foreign matter in purity, loss on drying, ash, acid-insoluble ash, oil content, dilute ethanol-soluble, water-soluble, ether-soluble extracts contents, quantitative analyses, residual $SO_2$, individual heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides. To measure contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin, we were quantitative analyzed using HPLC. The average contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin were detected by 13.28 (${\pm}$0.43)%, 1.17 (${\pm}$0.04)% and 0.40 (${\pm}$0.02)%, respectively. Each average contents As, Cd, Hg and Pb was 0.059 (${\pm}$0.054) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, 0.019 (${\pm}$0.010) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, 0.017 (${\pm}$0.057) ppm and 0.242 (${\pm}$0.084) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.748-757
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• 2019

본 연구는 계란 생산성, 계란품질 및 악취저감에 관한 Bacillus subtillus, Streptomyces galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae로 구성된 복합생균제(PM, probiotic mixture)의 효과를 조사하였다. 산란계 Hy-Line Brown 240수를 4처리구로 구분하여 6주 동안 사육하였다. 처리구는 복합생균제를 함유하지 않은 대조구(CON, control), 일반생균제(CP3, commercial probiotics 0.3%), 복합생균제 3(PM3, 복합생균제 0.3%), 복합생균제 5(PM5, 복합생균제 0.5%)로 구분하였다. 산란율, 계란 호우유니트, 난각두께, 난각강도, 난황색 및 농후난백 높이는 PM3, PM5가 CON 및 CP3에 비해서 높았다. 계분으로부터 암모니아, E. coli, 총호기성균, Coliform, Salmonella 균수는 CON>CP3>PM3>PM5 순서로 증가하였다. 본 결과는 B. subtillus, S. galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae로 구성된 복합생균제 0.3%가 산란율, 계란품질 개선 및 분에서 암모니아 발생을 낮추어 양계장 악취저감 효과를 갖는다는 점을 보여준다.

• 한국도시환경학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.485-494
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• 2018

2017년 겨울철 인천에서 미세먼지($PM_{1.0}$)의 화학적 성분과 산화특성을 파악하였다. 측정기간 대기오염물질 농도는 $PM_{10}$ $46{\pm}22{\mu}g/m^3$, $PM_{2.5}$ $29{\pm}18{\mu}g/m^3$, $SO_2$ 5(${\pm}3$) ppb, CO 0.56(${\pm}0.24$) ppm, $O_3$ 21(${\pm}13$) ppb, $NO_2$ 28(${\pm}17$) ppb이었다. $PM_{1.0}$ 화학적 성분은 organic 성분이 $3.2{\mu}g/m^3$, nitrate $1.9{\mu}g/m^3$로 주요성분으로 나타났다. 주간과 야간에서 대부분 야간에 높은 농도를 나타냈다. 측정기간 NOR(nitrate oxidation rate)은 0.06 이었고, SOR(sulfate oxidation rate)은 0.11이었다. 고농도기간, NOR은 0.6까지 증가하였으며, nitrate 성분도 증가하였다. $NOx/SO_2$ 비는 평균 8.7이었으며, nitrate/sulfate 비율은 평균 2.1로서 측정지점에 위치한 발전소, 산업 보일러를 포함한 고정오염원과 이동오염원인 자동차로부터 배출된 NOx가 기여요인으로 작용한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.275-288
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• 2023

Background: When basic local governments want to improve their air quality management policies, they need fundamental evidence, such as the effectiveness of current policies or scenario results. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to lay the groundwork for a process to calculate air pollutant reduction from basic local government air quality policies and provide numerical estimates of PM_2.5 concentrations following improved policies. Methods: We calculated the amount of air pollutant reduction that can be expected in the research region based on the Gyeonggi-do Air Environment Management Implementation Plan issued in 2021 and guidelines from the Korean Ministry of Environment. The PM_2.5 concentration variations were numerically simulated using the CMAQ (photochemical air quality model). Results: The research regions selected were Suwon, Ansan, Yongin, Pyeongtaek, and Hwaseong in consideration of population, air pollutant emissions, and geographical requirements. The expected reduction ratios in 2024 compared to 2018 are CO (3.0%), NO_x (7.9%), VOCs (0.7%), SO_x (0.1%), PM₁₀ (2.4%), PM_2.5 (6.1%), NH₃ (0.05%). The reduced PM_2.5 concentration ratio was highest in July and lowest in April. The expected concentration reduction of yearly mean PM_2.5 in the research region is 0.12 ㎍/m³ (0.6%). Conclusions: Gyeonggi-do is now able to quickly provide air pollutant emission reduction calculations by respective policy scenario and PM_2.5 simulation results, including for secondary aerosol particles. In order to provide more generalized results to basic local governments, it is necessary to conduct additional research by expanding the analysis tools and periods.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 1996

The purpose of this study were to improve in foodservice system, and to evaluate the satisfaction of patient meal. Two General Hospitals (A & B) in Ewha Womans University college of Medicine were selected for this study. The survey questionnaire consisted of general backgrounds and foodservice evaluation. We chosed factors which may influence meal satisfaction such as meal time, amount, optimal temperature, taste, quality, sanitary condition, and employee' s kindness. One-way ANOVA and Pearson' s correlation were used as statistical methods. The results can be summarized as follows 1. In meal time, for the A&B hospitals were 3.46$\pm$0.93 3.63$\pm$0.76 respectively. 2. In cold foods for the A&B hospitals were 3.23$\pm$0.89 3.52$\pm$0.78 respectively while in hot foods 3.29$\pm$1.02 3.27$\pm$0.90 respectively for A&B hospitals. 3. In taste for the A&B hospitals were 2.81$\pm$0.96 3.01$\pm$0.95 respectively. 4. In quality were 2.93$\pm$0.92 3.25$\pm$0.91 respectivly. 5. In amount were 3.38$\pm$0.95 3.36$\pm$0.98 respectively. 6. In sanitary condition for the A&B hospitals were 3.55$\pm$0.88 3.12$\pm$0.97 respectively. 7. In kindness were 3.11$\pm$0.87 3.32$\pm$0.76 respectively. 8. Quality, taste, meal time, kindness, sanitary condition, temperature, amount, age, duration, and room grade were significantly correlated to the satisfaction of patient meal in order.