• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.133-144
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• 2014

This study was carried out to review the pattern of forest stand development for six Gangwondo Baekdudaegan Mountains which experienced different type and duration of intensive legal protection. Vegetation data from point sampling method were employed to classify community types by cluster analysis on the basis of the importance values of canopy tree species for the study areas. The names of classified communities were given by the composition of dominant tree species. The communities were also compared one another in terms of stand structure by species diversity index. The results indicated that National Parks (Seoraksan and Odaesan) had greater proportion of mixed mesophytic forest type which was supposed to progress further forest succession process so as to have more complex and diversified stand structure. On the other hand, ordinary forest areas (Seokbyeongsan and Deokhangsan) had greater proportion of the forest types which was dominatively composed of Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora. The forest types with large amount of these two species would tend to develop for relatively short period of time of 40-50 years after artificial disturbances. Hyangnobong of Natural Protection Area and Hambaeksan of Natural Ecosystem Conservation Area showed intermediate stand development pattern in between National Parks and ordinary forest areas. The period of intensive legal protection of the forest area was positively correlated with species diversity index (R=0.736), and noted that the forest which received intensive protection regulation for longer period tended to show more complex and diversified stand structure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the vegetation structure of Daphniphyllum macropodum community in the Yeong-sil and Seong-panack. To do so, 26plots ($(20m{\times}20m)$) were set up and surveyed. Plant communities were classified with 3 groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN and DCA Ordination; Pinus densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora (I), Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus serrata (II) and Carpinus tschonoskii (III). Daphniphyllum macropodum is appearing in understory and shrub layer of all groups. We found that Daphniphyllum macropodum will be dominated in understory and shrub layer. These results was judeged that these influence is depended on difference of altitude and accompanied species. Accompanied species were lived in similar growth environment to Daphniphyllum macropodum. That species were Styrax japonica, Quercus serrata of understory and Ilex crenata, Taxus cuspidata of shrub layer.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

The climate of Minamiakikawa forest in Japan is similar to that of Mt. Jiri in South Korea. There is a large development plan for Minamiakikawa forest, and a change in the species composition is expected. This study was initiated to compare forest transition caused by artificial perturbations in Korea and Japan. Long-term field observations on species composition are reported. We found 98 families, 231 genera, 315 species, 29 varieties, and 8 races, making a total of 352 classification groups of higher plants in the Minamiakikawa forest area. Among them, 11 families, 12 species and 2 varieties are rare or endangered. The study area is dominated by Cryptomerica japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa. The time and restoration effects on secondary and latent forestation consider the development of the Quercus mongolica community, the Quercus serrata community, and deciduous-broadleaved tree ascension. This indicates that the forest has been restored to Abies firma, Pinus densiflora or Cryptomeria japonica and Fagus japonica, which is considered latent natural forestation of the area in a natural transfer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1993

To compare ecological succession stage between 1987 and 1992, this study was executed in Mt. Puk'an. 26 sample plots of 500$m^2$ were set up. The results were summarized as follows; 1. To analysis plant community structure, the classification by TWINSPAN and CCA, DCA and RA ordination were applied to the study area. That of Mt. Puk'an was divided 4 groups by altitude. The dividing groups are Robinia pseudo-acacia-Quercus spp. community, mixed forest community, Q. serrata community, and Q. mongolica community. The successional trends of tree species over 500m seem to be from Pinus densiflora to Q. mongolica and below 500m in altitude seem to be from Robinia pseudo-acacia through Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Prunus sargentii, Sorbus alnifolia to Q. serrata in the canopy layer. In the case of understory and shrub layer, the successional trends to be from Corylus sieboldiana, Zanthoxylum schinifolium through Rhus trichocarpa, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii to Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. 2. In comparing successional trends with 1987', the advanced data was not obtained in 1992. It was postulated that succession is not progressed by human disturbance and air pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2010

The Jeongdori windbreak forests of Wando island, located between the sea and the land, are very important as ecological succession areas that protect cultivated lands and fishing villages. Among the Jeongdori windbreak forests, the rocky seashore areas are occupied by Sageretia theezans mantle community, and their inner sections by sub-tree layers such as Ligustrum japonicum and Ligustrum obtusifolium. More specifically, the inner sections of the rocky seashore areas were found to be the habitat of Ligustrum japonicum-Quercus variabilis community, Ligustrum jarponicum-Viburnum erosum community, Ligustrum japonicum-Cinnamomum japonicum community, Cinnamomum japonicum-Carpinus tschonoskii community, and Pinus densiflora-Viburnum erosum community. The average height of tree layers of the Jeongdori windbreak forests is 10.3m, and the average diameter at breath height are 30.3cm. Though the windbreak forests was artificially made, it is now virtually natural forest and deserves protection for ecological reasons. Designated as a scenic spot 3, it is always in the danger of being damaged by frequent tourist visits. So the Jeongdori windbreak forest needs to be continuous maintenance and management by the National Park Service. Considering of the precious cultural treasures of the famous pebble stones covering Gugyedeung and the naturality of the Jeongdori windbreak forests, the Jeongdori windbreak forests as a scenic spot have to designated as the national monument in future and will preserve by the Cultural Properties Administration.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Hyangjeokbong (1,614 m) in Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, shrub forest, grassland forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 122 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 2 communities of riparian forest, the total of 124 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 42 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 37 communities of valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 6 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of shrub forest, 1 communities of grassland forest, 21 afforestation and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 47.02 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 57.48 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 77.53 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds, and Taxus cuspidate-Abies koreana community takes up about 50 percent of subalpine coniferous forest. Mountain shrub forest and mountain grassland forest vegetation are concentrated mainly on the top of Hyangjeokbong and the ridge connecting the top and Jungbong. Meanwhile, riparian forest vegetation comprises 0.024% of the whole vegetation area in a study area. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana and Taxus cuspidata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, in respect of subalpine coniferous forest, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Geumsusan (1,016.0 m) and Doraksan (964.4 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 77 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 5 communities of other vegetation, the total of 82 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 37 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 16 communities of mountain valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 1 community of riparian forest, 15 afforestation and 5 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica communities account for 33.031 percent of deciduous broadleaved forest, Cornus controversa community takes up 29.142 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 64.477 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Cornus controversa are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.144-161
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• 1990

Pine forest communities developed in Mt. Palgong, southeastern Korea, were studied phytosociologically, with special reference to multiple management of local forests, and were classified into two communities, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community(I : mountain forest) and P. densiflora-Climbing plants community (II : valley forest) and six subgroups accompanied by several subgroups. Judging from the coincidence method, the division of communities (vegetation units) was closely related to altitude and topography. Based on vegetation units, a vertical distribution map of pine forest communities was prepared. The species composition(%) of pine forest communities under stratification, in upper and lower tree layer, teas I higher than II, in middle and shrubs lacer II higher than I (Total : Upper 15.5%, Middle 28.4%, Lower 34.6%. Shrubs 21.5%. Sum of mean coverage%i of understory vegetation was II twice as high as I (Total. shrubs 28.4%. forbs 11.4%, Graminoids 11.8%, ferns 1.0%). Based on constance, coverage and d.b.h. class etc., an actual growth and occurrence table of tree species and understory vegetation by vegetation unity were prepared, and could assume a criterion for judging potential dominance-growth conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.465-475
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• 2001

Based on the community structural attributes, such as species composition, diameter and height distribution, topographic position, and species diversity in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Gari area, this study suggested desirable species and composition ratio to achieve ecological management of forests so as to maintain forest stability and enhance economical values. The results are as follows : 1. Twenty-five tree species were growing in the study forest. Of these Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Juglans mandshurica, Quercus serrata, Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Tilia mandshurica were selected for desirable species through the evaluation of dominant and dominant potential. Kalopanax pictus, considered to be highly valuable species, was also included. 2. Taking account of different species composition pattern by topographic positions, we select as desirable species of J. mandshurica, C. controversa, Q. mongolica, A. mono, T. mandshurica, and F. rhynchophylla in the valley area, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, A. mono, T. mandshurica, F. rhynchophylla, and K. pictus in the mid-slope area, and Q. mongolica, P. densiflora, Q. serrata, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla in the ridge area. 3. Based on the estimation of species diversity index for the overstory components, the reasonable forest stability levels of the indices were estimated at 1.96, 1.68, 1.94, and 1.27 for whole forest, valley, midslope, and ridge, respectively. 4. The recommended species composition ratios in the study forest were suggested Q. mongolica to be 30%, A. mono, F. rhynchophylla, Q. serrata, and T. mandshurica to be 10%~15%, J. mandshurica, P. densiflora, and C. controversa to be 5%~10%, and K. pictus to be 5%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2015

This study was carried out to classify forest communities and to aggregate forest cover types for the complex and diversified natural forest areas of Guryongsan, Sobaeksan, Baekhwasan, Sokrisan, and Baekhaksan in the middle part of Baekdudaegan. The vegetation data were collected by point-centered quarter sampling method. One thousand one hundred fourteen sample points were subjected to cluster analysis to classify 27 forest communities, which were aggregated into 7 representative forest cover types on the basis of community similarity from composition of canopy species. They were Quercus mongolica forest cover type, mixed mesophytic forest cover type, Q. variabilis forest cover type, Pinus densiflora forest cover type, the others deciduous forest cover type, Q. serrata forest cover type, and subalpine forest cover type. The Q. mongolica forest cover type was most widely distributed in the study areas. It was assumed that abundance of Q. mongolica might be negatively associated with species diversity. Mixed mesophytic forest cover type and the others deciduous forest cover type were commonly distributed in the areas of valley, on the other hand, Q. mongolica cover type and P. densiflora cover type tended to be distributed in the areas of ridge.