• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.167-178
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• 2014

The populations of Pinus densiflora in South Korea were grouped into 4 types; Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica, Community of Pinus densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana & Rhus javanica & Quercus mongolica and Community of Pinus densiflora-Prunus sargentii & Rhododendron mucronulatum. The Shannon diversity index was varied between 0.9171 and 1.5016, while the Similarity index was varied between 43.18 and 72.16. The species of Pinus densiflora are correlated positively significant with Carex humilis var. nana, Quercus serrata and Atractylodes ovata and negatively significant with Aster scaber and Sorbus alnifolia in order. According to the Correlation analysis, the relationship between the distribution of Pinus densiflora populations and the environment factors are closely related with the character of forest soil. Thus types for Pinus densiflora are differed. pH, Ex. K and Ex. Ca of Pinus densiflora populations effect No. of species and H'(shannon index). Canopy open effects No. of Individuals of Pinus densiflora community.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.29-44
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• 2016

This study was carried out to the structure of plant community, and ecological succession sere of forest ecosystem in Soguemgang Valley, Odaesan National Park. Fifteenth plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and the results analyzed by DCA which is one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities were divided into seven groups which area community I(Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora community), II(Pinus densiflora community), III(Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community), IV(Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community), V(Quercus serrata community), VI(Pinus densiflora-Deciduous broad-leaved plant community), VII(Cornus controversa-Carpinus laxiflora community). Shannon diversity index per $400m^2$ was to 0.7777 to 1.1440 and the age of Pinus densiflora 86 years old, Quercus variabilis was ranged from 66 to 87 years old, Quercus serrata was ranged from 51 to 62 years old, Carpinus laxiflora was 94 years old. In 2013, the succession trend was predicted Pinus densiflora${\rightarrow}$Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata ${\rightarrow}$Cornus controversa, Carpinus laxiflora. The ecological sucession progress has declined power of the Pinus densiflora and the increased power of the deciduous broad-leaved and Quercus spp. in Soguemgang Valley, Odaesan National Park. Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis communities that judged Pinus densiflora were progressing by direction of landform. The southern slopes vegetation were progressing for Quercus variabilis, the northern slopes vegetation were progressing for Quercus serrata. In flat Valley, mainly native species of Cornus controversa, Carpinus laxiflora are predicted ecological succession for deciduous broad-leaved tree community.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.117-131
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• 2017

This study was conducted to draw vegetation landscape elements in the ancient literature, investigate plant community structure, understand vegetation structure, and suggest reasonal conservation management methods. As a result of analyzing ancient literature, geomorphological landscapes in Guryong valley were canyon landscape and valley surrounded in Mt. Chiak. Plant landscape factors were as followed. Rhododendron spp. spread around valley. Also, Pinus densiflora communities were distributed in Guryong valley around. Especially, the entrance zones of Guryong valley were described as covered with Pinus densiflora and Whangchangkumpyo(黃腸禁標). Therefore, it was estimated that entry of Guryong valley was covered with Pinus densiflora community landscape. As for current vegetation result, the main vegetation was divided into mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community and Pinus densiflora community. As a result of analysis by TWINSPAN for community classification, five communities(Deciduous broadleaved trees, Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla, Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis community) were classified. To maintain historic plant landscape and conserve crucial resources, Pinus densiflora community was classified as concentrated conservation management area($105,472m^2$). To maintain Pinus densiflora landscape which has high historical and cultural value of Guryong valley, it was considered that active density control of lower layer vegetation would be necessary. Accordingly, to conserve P. densiflora landscape, Whangchangkumpyo(?腸禁標), that area was separated into Pinus densiflora lower layer forest management area($84,029m^2$) and Pinus densiflora seedling conservation management area($21,443m^2$). In understory of Pinus densiflora lower layer flora, the target tree species for elimination and management were Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica. They were $4{\sim}6trees/100m^2$ and their average diameter was 7.1cm. To preserve Pinus densiflora seedlings, areas with Sasa borealis, the ground vegetation of Pinus densiflora community, rate of 80% or more should be selected as priority management areas and concentrated elimination and management of Sasa borealis should be implemented. Likewise, traditional Pinus densiflora forest is a historically cultural heritage to preserve with sustainable interest and survey. Efficient management method through systematic monitoring system should be made.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1972

As part of the study of the structure and the successional trends of our temperate forests, a quantitative survey was made of the relatively well conserved forest stands on Mt. Kwanak, Seoul. Three community types were observed; the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, the Pinus densiflora community, and the Quercus mongolica community. Evidence suggests that the dominance of Pinus densiflora and quercus mongolica will continue in the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, however, in the Pinus densiflora community the dominant species, Pinus densiflora, is now being replaced by Quercus mongolica. The trend toward an increased in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus cordita, and Acer mono is observed in the Quercus mongolica community. An analysis of the overall composition of the forest reveals that the upper story is mostly occupied by Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, the shrub layer by Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Lespedeza maximowiczii, and the herb layer by Spodiopogon cotulifer and Artemisia keiskeana. Quercus mongolica may cover most part of the forest, gradually excluding Pinus densiflora. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus coradata, and Acer mono are increasing in importance with the potentiality of developing into major canopy components. With the diversification of the physical habitat Cephalotaxus koreana and Magnolia sieboldii, the species which had almost completely been eliminated form the forest through the severe interferences, have reappeared.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2006

This study was carried out to analyze community character and classify forest community with phytosociological method and quadrat method to forest of Mt. Busosan in Buyeo-Gun.1. Communities by phytosociological method were classified into Pinus densiflora community and Quercus sp. community. With the classification of TWINSPAN, the community was categorized into Pinus densiflora - Quercus variabilis community and Pinus densiflora - Styrax japonica community.2. The importance value of Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Prunus sargentii, Styrax japonica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Pinus rigida, Quercus aliena in tree layer were 83.20, 41.87, 30.93, 24.85, 23.27, 20.97, 20.28, and 9.46, respectively. The relative coverage of Stephanandra incisa, Quercus serrata, Styrax japonica, Parthenocissua tricuspidata, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Prunus sargentii, Quercus variabilis, Indigofera kirilowii, Quercus acutissima, Lespedeza maximowiczii, and Acer pseudosibolianum in shrub layer were 9.62%, 9.55%, 9.18%, 7.85%, 6.18%, 5.25%, 4.82%, 4.15%, 3.98%, 3.98%, 3.55%, and 2.98%, respectively.3. According to size distribution map of diameter breast height of dominant species, the dominant species of Mt. Busosan was Pinus densiflora, and Quercus sp. such as Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata may compete with the Pinus densiflora in the future.4. According to the ordination analysis of Mt. Busosan forest, Pinus densiflora - Styrax japonica community was found in moist site and Pinus densiflora - Quercus variabilis community was found in dry site.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.257-277
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• 2007

Z-M방법으로 한국 전역의 소나무림에 대한 식물사회학적 연구를 수행하였다. 소나무림은 크게 1군집, 3군락, 7아군락으로 구분되었다. 한국 소나무림의 분류체계는 다음과 같다. Rhododendro-Quercetalia mongolicae Kim 1990 I : Lindero-Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990 em. Kim 1992 A : Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community A-1 : Typical subcommunity A-2 : Vaccinium koreanum subcommunity A-3 : Rhododendron micranthum subcommunity B : Quercus serrate-Pinus densiflora community B-1 : Typical subcommunity B-2 : Juniperus rigida subcommunity B-3 : Styrax japonica subcommunity B-4 : Eurya japonica subcommunity C: Saso-Pinetum densiflorae Yim et al. 1990 Camellietalia japonicae Oda et Sumata 1966 II : Ardisio-Castanopsion Miyawaki et al. 1971 D : Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community 소나무-신갈나무군락은 한반도 중북부지역의 산지에 주로 분포하였으며, 소나무-졸참나무군락은 한반도 중부와 남부의 저산지와 구릉지에 넓게 나타났다. 소나무-제주조릿대군집은 제주도의 소나무림에서 조사되었다. 그리고 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락은 남서해안과 도서를 포함하는 난 온대역에 분포하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2002

본 연구는 1997년 3월부터 1998년 10월에 걸쳐 이루어졌으며, 한반도 서남해 도서의 소나무림을 대상으로 식물사회학적인 방법에 의해 군락의 유형을 분류하였다. 26개의 방형구를 선정하여 결과 본 조사 지역의 소나무림은 자금-소나무군락과 방아풀-소나무군락으로 분류되었고, 각각의 군락은 털머위하위군락, 졸참나무하위군락 및 전형하위군락과 노간주나무하위군락, 윤노리나무하위군락 및 전형하위군락으로 구분되었다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2011

This paper is to contribute for management and restoration as a basic study of vegetation structure in Aemirang Hill, Nakdongjeongmaek. To verify the characteristics of vegetation structure, we set up 25 plots($100m^2$). The result of community analysis was used by TWINSPAN classification. The communities were classified 7 types i.e. Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Q. mongolica-Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica-Betula davurica community, Larix leptolepis community. Pinus densiflora community and Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community are progressively transforming a Quercus mongolica community that is called Pinus densiflora next succession stage. Whereas the communities that has dominant Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica did not appear a next generation succession tree such as Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata in the under story and shrub layer. Therefore, Aemirang Hill's ecological succession was to maintain the status condition. Aemirang Hill's diversity index is 0.5738 to 0.8906. It were analyzed that diversity index was lower than other places.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제85권2호
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• pp.260-270
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• 1996

가야산 일대의 소나무림을 통하여 우리나라 남부내륙에 분포하는 소나무림의 임업경영에 필요한 정보를 제공할 목적으로 소나무군락의 구조 및 동태를 분석한 결과 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있었다. 사면중하부에 분포하는 소나무 이차림의 교목층, 아교목층, 관목층, 초본층의 각 계층의 높이는 9~15m, 4~10m, 1~4m, 1m이하로 구분되었으며, 능선과 정상부 소나무림의 경우는 9~10m, 2~7m, 1~2m, 1m이하로 구분할 수 있었다. 직경급 분포로 볼 때 소나무 이차림의 경우 사면하부(해발 450m)는 신갈나무, 서어나무, 졸참나무, 까치박달, 물푸레나무로, 사면중부(해발 700~800m)는 신갈나무로 천이가 진행되어 현재의 소나무 이차림은 쇠퇴하여 갈 것으로 예상된다. 능선부와 정상부의 소나무림은 소나무 치묘 및 치수를 가지고 있으므로 유지될 것으로 예상된다. 조사지의 연륜심을 통하여 볼 때 사면중하부에 분포하는 소나무 이차림은 임령이 80~90년이었으며, 수령 72~80년 무렵에 standing dead형의 소나무 고사목이 나타난다고 할 수 있었다. 가야산의 소나무림 교란 체세는 standing dead, uprooting, limbfall로 구분되고 이는 각각 70.6%, 7.6%, 11.8%이었다. 능선과 정상부의 소나무 전생수(前生樹)(advance growth)는 수령 100~110년의 상층수관에 이르기까지 standing dead형의 교란 기회를 2번 정도 갖는다고 할 수 있다. 장축방향의 연륜생장에 있어 사면중하부의 소나무는 2.45~2.9mm/year, 능선과 정상부는 1.75mm/year이었다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.787-800
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• 2012

경주국립공원 불국사 주변 사찰림을 중심으로 식생구조를 파악하기 위하여 42개의 조사구(단위면적 $100m^2$)를 설치하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. Classification 분석 중 TWINSPAN 기법을 이용하여 군락분리를 시도한 결과, 군락 I은 소나무-잣나무군락, 군락 II는 소나무군락, 군락 III은 소나무-단풍나무군락, 군락 IV는 단풍나무-소나무군락으로 최종 분리되었다. 식생구조 분석결과 경주국립공원 불국사 주변 사찰림은 소나무가 우점하고 있었다. 군락 IV는 소나무 군락에 단풍나무가 유입되면서 단풍나무-소나무군락으로 군락이 변한 것으로 파악되었다. 그러나 최근 자연발생적으로 아교목층과 관목층에 굴참나무, 갈참나무, 졸참나무, 신갈나무가 확산되고 있어 추후 소나무와의 경쟁이 예상된다. 본 조사지역의 산림식생의 임령은 소나무가 우점종인 산림은 30~100년 내외인 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 단풍나무는 30~36년의 수령을 가진 것으로 나타났다.