• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.38-44
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• 1990

This study was carried out to produce superior dairy cattle by embryo transfer. Seven dairy cows were superovulated with divided injection of FSH 4Omg for 5 days started on day 9 to 14 of the estrus cycle and injection of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ 45mg on day 4 of FSH injection. Donor cows were flushed to collect embryos on day 7 or 8 of the estrus cycle. Fresh embryos collected were transferred to synchronized dairy recipients or frozen using glycerol 3 step method to he equilibrated. And 35 embryos which were frozen using glycerol 6 step method were imported from U.S.A. After glycerol dilution of frozen embryos was done by reverse density during freezing. frozen-thawed embryos were transferred to synchronized dairy or beef recipients. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Total of 24 embryos were collected from 7 donor cows flushed and transferable embryos were 18 (75.0%). 2. Among 24 embryos. morula, early blastocyst, blastocyst, expanded blastocyst and unfertilized ova were 3 (12.5%), 1 (4.2%), 10 (41.6%), 4 (16.7%) and 6 (25.0%), respectively. 3. Heat inducing rate after 1st and 2nd injections of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ in Holstein and beef cattle was 83.3% and 71.4% and 62.5% and 69.2%, respectively. 4. Among 56 recipients, 23 head were pregnant (41.1%). The pregnancy rate of fresh embryos was 50.0% (1/2 heads) and the pregnancy rate of frozen embryos which were frozen using glycerol 3 step and using glycerol 6 step imported from U.S.A. was 52.6%(l0/19 heads) and 34.3%(12/35 heads), respectively. 5. The pregnancy rate of blastocyst (60.0%) was higher than that of morula (39.0%), early blastocyst (25.0%) and expanded blastocyst (0%). 6. The pregnancy rate of grade I embryos (52.2%) was higher than that of grade 2 (34.6%) and grade 3 (28.6%). 7. The pregnancy rate according to synchrony of recipient with donor was higher in simultaneous recipient (55.0%) and +l2hrs' (53.8%) than -24hrs' (23.5%), -l2hrs' (20.0%) and +24hrs' (0%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1374-1377
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to explore the possibilities of estrus induction and superovulation in a native Indian breed of goats called 'Black Bengal'. Forty-two adult non-pregnant females were divided in two groups, of which 18 goats were subjected to a superovulatory treatment comprising of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), Prostaglandin (PGF2$\alpha$) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce superovulation. The remaining 24 goats received no treatment and served as controls for the parameter under study as well as recipients for embryo transfer studies. The average duration of estrus was found to be significantly increased in treated goats (34.2${\pm}$3.4 h) compared to controls 3.0${\pm}$2.4 h). The average duration between PGF administration and occurrence of estrus was 2.0${\pm}$5.2 h. After mid ventral laparotomy, superovulatory responses indicated a significant increase in the number of follicles, which was 8.27${\pm}$0.37 in the treatment group compared to 4.16${\pm}$0.17 in the control group. The number of corpora lutea was also significantly increased in treated animals compared to control (2.90${\pm}$0.86 vs. 0.74${\pm}$0.04) respectively per ovary per goat.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2012

This study was designed to adopt two estrus synchronization protocols in zebu and crossbred heifers and their effects on pregnancy rate after timed artificial insemination (TAI). A number of 120 cyclic heifers were allotted for two different treatment groups and one control group. Heifers under protocol A were injected with GnRH at first day followed by a single dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ at Day 11 and injection of GnRH at the day of AI; and heifers belonged to protocol B were treated with GnRH, two $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injections at 11 days apart and injection of GnRH at AI. AI was done at fixed time (within 72~96 hours after $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injection) in both protocols and pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation on 80~120 days of post AI. In control group; local heifers were conceived higher (30%) proportion than that of crossbred heifers (25%; p<0.05). In protocol A, the local breed were conceived higher (38.9%) proportion compared with crossbred (25%; p<0.05). In protocol B, local breed heifers were conceived higher (38.9%) proportion compared with crossbred heifers (33.3%; p<0.05). The overall pregnancy rate in protocol A and protocol B was 33.3% and 36.6%, respectively. The proportion of pregnancy rate of local heifers (38.9%; Protocol A) was significant (p<0.05) in comparison with local heifers (30%) in control group (p<0.05). The overall pregnancy rate between pooled control group (28.3%) and treatment group (35%) was significantly (p<0.05) differ from each other's. Results of present study concluded that estrus synchronization followed by fixed time AI could be applied for higher pregnancy rate in zebu and crossbred heifers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.595-599
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• 2000

Fine wool sheep (n=18) maintained in a tropical environment were allocated to three treatment groups. Estrus was induced with two injections of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ (10 mg. im) at 10 days interval. Superovulation treatment started 2 days prior to the second injection of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$. Each ewe was treated with a total dose of 25 units FSH (Super-OV) i.m. every 12 hover 3 days; Group 2 were also injected i.m. with 200 IU PMSG at the first injection of FSH; Group 3 was treated as in Group 2 and also with GnRH ($4{\mu}g$ Buserelin) at the onset of estrus. The ewes in estrus were mated with a fertile ram. Ovarian examination and recovery of embryo and ova were performed at laparoscopy and laparotomy on day 3 or 4 after mating. Data for onset of estrus, duration of estrus, number of corpora lutea (CL), number of unnovulated large follicle (LF), embryo recovery rate, embryo quality and fertilization recorded for the 3 groups. Ewes in the Group 1 set in estrus later (p<0.05; $50.0{\pm}7.29h$) than the ewes in Group 2 ($24.5{\pm}3.58$) and 3 ($32.5{\pm}3.58h$). The duration of estrus, ovarian size and ovarian response (number of CL and LF) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) among the 3 groups. The proportion of ewes with a superovulatory response (${\geq}2$ CL) was the lowest (50%) in Group 1 treated with FSH alone but ova/embryo recovery (100%) and fertilization (100%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than Group 2 (58.3 and 85.7%, respectively) and Group 3 (48.6 and 50%, respectively). It is concluded that in tropical fine wool sheep, there is no difference in the 3 treatments for yield of good quality embryos but ovarian response and ovulation rate increased on additional use of PMSG and GnRH respectively to FSH alone.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.37-46
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• 1991

A field trial was performed to evaluate the effects of hormone treatment on estrus induction, ovulation, embryo transfer and reproductive performance in post-weaning sows. This trial involved 61 mixed breed sows of varying parity on a commercial pig farm. Sows were allocated to one of five trials: control group involved 25 sows that were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 5 ml physiological saline, 6 sows received 1,500 IU PMSG on the day of weanning and 500 IU HCG at the onset of estrus in trial I, 7 sows received 750 IU PMSG on the day of weanning and 500 IU HCG at the onset of estrus in trial II, 5 sows were treated with the same as trial II on day 28 after weanning in trial III. and 18 sows were treated with 10 mg PGF$_2$$\alpha$ plus 2 mg estradiol benzoate on day 31 after weanning in trial IV. Ovarian responses were checked by laparotomy and ova were recovered by oviducal flushing between 40 and l00hrs after mating. Fertilized ova were transferred into the oviduts of recipient sows synchroni- zed. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Percentages of sows detected in standing estrus following treatment were 86~100% among trial groups. The interval from treatment to standing estrus(6l.7$\pm$0.5lhrs) in lOmg PGF$_2$$\alpha$ and 2mg estradial henzoate treated group was significantly earlier than in other trial groups(P<0.05). 2. Average number of ovulations was 11.5~37.8 among trial groups. The ovulation rate in 1,500 IU PMSG and 500 IU RCG treated group (37.8$\pm$ 19.87) was significantly different from other trial groups(P<0.05). 3. Ova were recovered by oviducal flushing between 40~ l00hrs after mating and recovery rates of ova wore 91.4% between 40~59hrs. 4. Fertilized ova were transferred into the oviducts of 8 recipient sows synchronized with 7 to 17 ova per animal. Three of the recipients were pregnant and delivered 25 piglets. 5. Four of the donor sows in those embryo collection was not successful were pregnant following oviducal flushing and delivered 23 piglets. 6. Recurrence of estrus and farrowing performance of experimental sows were observed following the experiment was no difference among trial groups, respectively.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2013

Hypoxia is an integral part of the environment during luteolysis. In this study we examined whether hypoxia could directly stimulate endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide (NO). Endothelial cells were cultured in hypoxic (5% $O_2$) or normoxic (20% $O_2$) conditions and the levels of total NO, inducible NO and endothelial NO was measured. We found that hypoxia but not normoxia upregulated NO production. The increased NO levels correlated with increased inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression whereas expression of endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression remained constant. Addition of the iNOS specific inhibitor 1400W to hypoxic cultures prevented NO production suggesting that hypoxia-induced NO production in endothelial cells was due mainly to upregulation of iNOS. We also found that prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ (PGF) production was unaffected by hypoxia suggesting that upregulation of NO was not due to increased synthesis of PGF. In summary, we report that endothelial cells cultured under hypoxic conditions produce NO via the iNOS pathway. This study provides the importance of the relation between the hypoxic environment and the induction of NO by endothelial cells during regression of the corpus luteum in the ovary.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.127-131
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• 2012

발정주기와 상관없이 CIDR을 삽입하는 날에 50 mg progesterone, 2.5 mg estradiol benzoate를 근육주사하였다. CIDR 삽입 후 4, 5일에 28 AU FSH (Antorin R10)을 4일 동안 감량법으로 주사하였다. 6, 7회 FSH 주사 후 25 mg, 15 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$를 각각 주사한 다음, CIDR는 7회 FSH 주사 후 제거하였다. 1회째 $PGF_2{\alpha}$ 주사 후 48시간에 $200{\mu}g$ GnRH를 주사하였다. 공란우는 발정확인 후 12시간 간격으로 3회 인공수정을 실시하였으며, 수정란의 채란은 발정확인 후 7일째 회수하였다. 과배란 처리된 공란우에서 회수된 총 난자수, 이식가능 수정란, 퇴행란 및 미수정란은 각각 $11.6{\pm}7.9$, $5.5{\pm}4.4$, $3.0{\pm}3.3$ 및 $2.6{\pm}4.1$개였다. 1~2산의 공란우($8.9{\pm}1.9$)보다 3~5산의 공란우($14.3{\pm}1.3$)에서 총 난자수가 유의적으로 많았다(P<0.05). 회수된 정상 수정란 수도 3~5산의 공란우($7.3{\pm}0.8$)에서 6산 이상의 공란우($3.7{\pm}1.5$)보다 유의적으로 많았다(P<0.05). 회수된 총 난자수와 정상수정란도 각각 가을($10.1{\pm}1.8$, $4.5{\pm}1.1$)과 겨울($6.3{\pm}1.8$, $3.3{\pm}1.1$)보다 여름($16.4{\pm}2.3$, $8.1{\pm}1.4$)에 유의적으로 많았다(P<0.05). 이식가능 수정란은 겨울($3.0{\pm}1.0$)보다 여름($7.6{\pm}1.3$)에서 유의적으로 많이 회수하였다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 공란우의 산차, 과배란 처리계절은 한우수정란 생산에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.47-54
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• 1988

세포막의 주요 구성성분인 콜레스테롤은 고등생명체의 성장 및 생존에 필수적인 물질이다. 그러나 혈중 콜레스테롤의 농도가 너무 높으면 동맥경화증을 유발하여 매우 치명적이다. 본 연구는 고려인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) 뿌리의 주요성분의 하나인 사포닌류의 고콜레스테롤 혈중 억제효과를 규명하기 위해 시도되었다. 고콜레스테롤 식이를 인삼사포닌과 함께 또는 단독으로 투여한 토끼나 쥐에 $^{125}I-LDL$을 주입한 후 혈액으로부터 $^{125}I-LDL$의 제거속도를 추적한 결과 고콜레스테롤 식이만을 투여한 대조군보다 인삼사포닌을 함께 투여한 시험군이 $^{125}I-LDL$의 제거속도가 훨씬 빨랐다. 고콜레스테롤식이를 투여한 쥐의 LDL수용체 생합성에 미치는 ginsenoside 혼합물과 정제된 ginsenoside $Rb_{1},\;Rb_{2},\;Re,\;Rg_{1}$의 영향을 조사하였다. 쥐 간의 LDL 수용체 수준을 분석한 결과 시험군이 대조군에 비해 크게 높았으며 다른 장기(신장, 정소, 부신피질)의 경우에도 간에서의 결과와 유사하였다. 또한 간파쇄액을 효소원으로 사용하여 콜레스테롤 부터의 담즙산 합성에 미치는 ginsenoside의 영향을 시험관내에서 관찰한 결과 반응 혼합물에서의 ginsenoside의 농도가 $(10^{-3}-10^{-4}\%)$일 때 담즙산합성이 현저히 증가되었다. 위와 같은 실험결과로 미루어 보아 ginsenoside는 세포 내부에서의 콜레스테롤 대사를 촉진하여 세포내의 콜레스테롤 농도를 저하시킴으로써 콜레스테롤의 LDL 수용체 합성 억제를 완화시켜주는 것이라고 생각된다.성분들은 cyclooxygenase에 직접 작용하지 않는다는 것을 설명해 준다. 2. Panaxadiol (500 ${\mu}g/ml$은 $PGE_{2}$ 생성에는 영향이 없으나 $PGF_{2}{\alpha}$생성에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않으나 농도의존적으로 $TxB_{2}$의 생성을 감소시켰고 6-keto-$PGF_{1}{\alpha}$의 생성을 증가시켰는데 이는 $TxA_{2}$ synthetase 억제제인 imidazole의 효과와 유사하였다. 4. G-Re는 $1{\times}10^{-5}g/ml$ 이하의 농도에서는 효과가 없으나 $1{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$ 이상의 농도에서 농도의존적으로 유의성 있는 $PGE_{2},\;PGF_{2}{\alpha},\;TXB_{2}$의 생성억제와 함께 6-keto-$PGF_{1}{\alpha}$ 증가를 보였다. 이는 prostacyclin synthetase를 자극하는 serotonin의 효과와 같은 작용으로서 prostacyclin synthetase 억제제인 tranylcypromine에 대하여 길항효과를 보였다. 5. $TxB_{2}$생성억제 작용을 나타내는 ginsenoside들의 효과를 뒷받침하기 위하여 인삼 saponin 성분을 전처치한 patelet rich plasma에서 혈소판 응집시험 결과, ADP로 유도된 혈소판 응집반응에는 모든 인삼 saponin 성분들이 효과가 없었으나 arachidonic acid로 유도된 혈소판 응집반응에는 $G

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the stimulating effect on oocyte maturation and cumulus cell expansion in TC199 media by human cord serum (HCS) supplementation. Immature mouse oocyte cumulus complexes (OCCs) were cultured in TC199 media supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA), HCS and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) instead of luteinizing hormone (LH) respectively, and the expression of cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation were observed. After 4hr and 24hr culture with or without OCCs, media containing 0.4% BSA, 10% HCS and 10 IV hCG respectively were collected and analyzed for changing concentrations of estradiol $(E_2)$, progesterone $(P_4)$, testosterone (T), and $PGF_{2\alpha}$. There were no elevation of $E_2$, T, and $PGF_{2\alpha}$ by OCCs culture, but minute elevation of $P_4$ level by 24hr OCCs culture in hCG supplementation (p=0.048). The stimulating pattern of cumulus expansion of OCCs by HCS and hCG supplementation was similar to our previously report using Ham's F-10 media, however oocyte maturation rates after 24hr OCCs culture in all media were increased by $20\sim30%$ compared to Ham's F-10 media. These results suggest that LH in HCS induce cumulus expansion probably by $P_4$ secretion of OCCs, and TC199 is efficient media for immature mouse oocyte maturation.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.203-216
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• 1988

돼지, 가표 및 가토의 뇌동맥에서 기저동맥 (basilar artery, BA)과 circle of willis동맥 (WC)의 동맥환을 만들어 혈관수축제와 calcium 길항제의 효과 그리고 내피세포의 역할은 검토하였다. 돼지 BA와 WC에 서 norepinephrine (NE), phenylephrine (PE)및 epinephrine (EP)은 propranolol $10^{-6}M$ 전처리하에서 그리고 KCI, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 및 angiotensin은 모두 용량의존성 수축반응을 일으켰다. 그 최대수축력은 angiotensin에서 가장 적었고, 5-HT에서 가장 강력하였다. KCI 35 mM수축반응은 calcium 길항제로 용량의존성으로 억제되었고, 그 효력은 nifedipine > > diltiazem > flunarizine > oxybutynin > isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) > glycerl trinitrate의 순서였다. 5-HT $10^{-5}M$의 수축반응은 nifedipine으로는 용량의존성으로 억제 되었으나 diltiazem과 ISDN으로는 경미한 억제만을 일으켰다. 내피세포동맥환에서 KCI 35 mM의 수축반응은 acetylcholine (ACh)으로 거의 영향받지 않았으나 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}\;10^{-5}M$의 수축반응은 ACh과 adenosine으로 용량의존성으로 억제되었고, 이 내피세포 의존성억제는 nifedipine $10^{-6}M$로는 영향받지 않으나 methylene blue $50\;{\mu}M$로는 현저히 억제되었다. 네피제거동맥환에의 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$의 수축반응은 ACh의 영향이 없거나 더욱 수축되었다. 내피세포를 제거하지 않은 가토흉부대동맥편을 bath에 함께 넣어주면 ACh의 용량의존성 이완반응이 나타났고 이 이완반응도methylene blue로 억제되었다. 가묘 BA와 WC에서 5-HT와 NE는 용량의존성 수축반응을 일으켰고 ACh도 내피세포 존재유무와 관계없이 강력한 용량의존성 수축반응을 일으켰으며 그 최대수축력은 ACh에서 가장 강력하였다. 내피세포동맥환에서 5-HT $10^{-5}M$의 수축반응은 ACh에 의하여 이완반응없이 더욱 수측되었다. 가토 BA에서 5-HT와 NE는 응량의존성 수축반응을 일으졌고5-HT의 수축반응이 더욱 현저하였다. 내피세포동맥환에서 5-HT $10^{-5}M$의 수축반응은 ACh $10^{-5}M$로 현저하게 이완되있고 이 내피세포의존성 이완반응은 atropine $10^{-7}M$로는 억제되었으나 diltiazem $10^{-6}M$로는 거의 억제되지 않았다. 이상의 실험성적은 돼지와 가토의 뇌동맥에서 ACh은 내피세포-의존성 이완반응을 일으키며그 이완반응은 muscarinic receptor를 통해 나타났고, 가묘뇌동맥에서 ACh은 혈관수축제의 역할을 갖고 있음을 시사하고 있다.