• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.120-120
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• 2003

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1516-1522
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• 2018

Atherosclerosis is an obstructive vessel disease mainly caused by chronic arterial inflammation to which the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the main pathological response. In the present study, the primary responsible inflammatory cytokine and its signaling pathway was investigated. The proliferation and migration of VSMCs was significantly enhanced by the prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$), while neither was affected by tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$. Prostacyclin $I_2$ was seen to enhance the proliferation of VSMCs while simultaneously suppressing their migration. Both prostaglandin $D_2$ and prostaglandin $E_2$ significantly enhanced the migration of VSMCs, however, proliferation was not affected by either of them. The proliferation and migration of VSMCs stimulated by $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ progressed in a dose-dependent manner; the $EC_{50}$ value of both proliferation and migration was $0.1{\mu}M$. VSMCs highly expressed the phospholipase isoform $C-{\beta}3$ ($PLC-{\beta}3$) while others such as $PLC-{\beta}1$, $PLC-{\beta}2$, and $PLC-{\beta}4$ were not expressed. Inhibition of the PLCs by U73122 completely blocked the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-induced migration of VSMCs, and, in addition, silencing $PLC-{\beta}3$ significantly diminished the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Given these results, we suggest that $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ plays a crucial role in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, and activation of $PLC-{\beta}3$ could be involved in their $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-dependent migration.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.25-31
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• 1978

It has recently been reported that prostaglandin $(PG)F_{2\alpha}$ produces diruesis and natriuresis when given directly into a lateral ventricle of the brain in rabbits (Kook et al). In this study attempts were made to elucidate the mechanism of the natriuresis utilizing dogs. In mongrel dogs of both sexes weighing 9-l2kg, a lateral ventricle of the cerebrum was cannulated and the agent was delivered in less than 0.2ml of 0.9% saline. $PGF_{2\alpha}$, $100\;{\mu}g$, ivt, elicited mild diuresis, while glomerular filtration rate and systemic blood pressure remained unchanged. In 8 chloralso-anesthetized, hydrated dogs undergoing water diuresis, ivt $PGF_{2\alpha}$ produced antidiuresis concomitant with marked natriuresis, which resembles the action of large doses of Arginine vasopressin in doses of 0.3-1.5mu/kg/min produced marked natriuresis. In 9 experiments, $PGF_{2\alpha}$ was given intraventricularly during the maximal diuresis induced by ADH. The kidney responded with significant natriuresis though less marked and transient than during water diuresis. It is thus concluded that beside ADH still other natriuretic factor(s) may be involved in the natriuresis induced by ivt $PGF_{2\alpha}$ in the dog.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.224-230
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• 2019

The purpose of the study is to investigate the change in the blood progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) levels when applying different estrus induction protocols to Korean black goats, and this was done to gain understanding about their reproduction physiology. For the experiment, we performed three estrus induction protocols that are commonly used in bovine: controlled internal drug release (CIDR) + prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}$ ($PGF2{\alpha}$), $PGF2{\alpha}$ + gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) + $PGF2{\alpha}$, and CIDR + $PGF2{\alpha}$ + PMSG. The P4 and E2 concentrations showed different patterns until the last treatment of the three protocols. However, similar concentration patterns were shown after the last treatment in all the protocols. In conclusion, we monitored the blood P4 and E2 levels in Korean black goats following three different estrus induction protocols. Our findings may be used in other breeding programs of Korean black goats, such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-38
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to investigate morphologic changes in the corpus luteum of the pregnant rat by electron microscope after administration of prostaglandin F2$\alpha$(PGF2$\alpha$). Pregnant rates were treated with PGF2$\alpha$(1,500$\mu\textrm{g}$/rat) and their corpura lutea were observed morphologically. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The weight of the ovaries and corpura lutea were decreased slightly at 8~24 hours after PGF2$\alpha$ administratin but no significant differences were observed. 2. The number of corpora lutea and luteal cells decreased slightly at 12~48 hours and 18~24 hours after PGF2$\alpha$ tretment but there were no signifciant differences between control and treatment. 3. The weight of uterus and the unmber of embryo decreased slightly at 96 hours and at 18~96 hours after PGF2$\alpha$ administration but no significant differences were obtained. 4. In the electron microscopic observatons, lipid droplets which are electron dense and appear in the cytoplasm moderately increased in number after PGF2$\alpha$ treatment. The lipid droplets were surrounded by mitochodria and appeared in the autophagic vacuoles. 5. Moderated and high electron dense mitochondria which are round or elongated in shape showed pleomorphism from 3 hours after PGF2$\alpha$ treatment. Destruction of tubular of vesicular cristae was observed at 6 hours after the treatment. Dense body and myelin figures in matrix of mitochondria were also appeared. 6. Well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum(sER) showed tubular or vesicular cisternae. A number of whorl membranes containing ribosomes, mitochondria and lipid droplets were observed at 1.5 hour after treatment. sER was abundant in luteal cells at 12 hours were treatment. 7. Well-developed Golgi pparatus appeared obviously 6 hours and more prominently at 12 hours. Those Golgi vesicles were remarkably dilated. 8. Generally, a few rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) were appeared after treatment and cisternae showed slight dilatation. No differences among the treatments were observed. However, slight dilation of cisternae was observed at 1.5 hours after treatment. 9. Ribosomes composed of free and polyribosomes were abundant before treatment but polyribosomes were appeared at 12 to 24 hours after treatment. 10. Intercellular space were slightly extended at 3 hours and markedly extended at 12 hours. Numerous microvillous protrusions were observed at these times. Membranous multivesicular structures and autophagic vacuoles were also appeared in the intercellular space. 11. At 3 hours after the treatment, autophagic vacuoles appeared in the cytoplasm of the cell. They increased in number with time and were observed to transfer to the intercellular space. Lysosomal dense body appeared in the cytoplasm and the inclusion body was also observed in nucleus at 12 to 24 hours after treatment.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of repetition usage of various estrus synchronization and seasonal breeding in Hanwoo. Body weight(kg) at birth and weaning in calves produced by seasonal breeding are 24.0kg, 75.6kg in female, 24.9kg, 78.3kg in male, respectively. Changes of birth weight(kg) by parity in Hanwoo increased gradually. Raising rates of calves by raising experience of farmer higher than in more 10 years as $88.4\%$ and in more 6 years as $84.0\%$. Delivering rates by induced estrus methods in $PGF_{2}{\alpha}$, PRID, CIDR and $GnRH-PGF_{2}{\alpha}-GnRH$ were $87.0\%$, $87.3\%$, $91.6\%$ and $96.0\%$, respectively. Conception days of post-partum following to induced estrus methods in Control, $PGF_{2}{\alpha}$ PRID, CIDR and $GnRH-PGF_{2}{\alpha}-GnRH$ were 137.1, 147.6, 141.3, 116.6 and 118.0 days, respectively. The results show that repetition usage of various estrus synchronization were not effective on postpartum reproduction in Hanwoo.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.69-72
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• 2002

Two trials were conducted in a commercial dairy on heifer synchronization with PGF$_2$$\alpha$. Animals showing estrous following the first injection were bred and animals not showing estrus were given the second injection 10 days later. In the first trial, the injection routes were rump and rump. In the second trial, the injection routes were rump and shoulder. Estrous detection were performed from 24 h after injection. Animals were bred by the same technician. In the first trial, the response rate for the first injection was 51.4% and the subsequent pregnancy rate of these animals was 60.0%. The response rate in the second injection was 57.1% and the pregnancy rate was 50.0%. In the second trial, the response rate in the first injection on the rump was 48.7% and the subsequent pregnancy rate was 70.6%. The second injection was given on the shoulder and the response rate was 60.0% and the subsequent pregnancy rate was 25.0%. The data suggest that the route of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ administration was critical to achieve success in estrous synchronization and pregnancy rates.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.203-212
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• 1993

This study was designed to observe hypoxia-induced mechanical responses of porcine cerebral artery and to clarify their possible mechanisms. Hypoxia produced a transient vasoconstriction, recovering to the basal tension within 10 min and subsequent reoxygenation produced a biphasic (relaxalion-contraction) response in rings with endothelium under resting tension. Hypoxia produced a further contraction in rings precontracted with KCl or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$, and following reoxygenation caused only sustained relaxation. Removal of the endothelium and pretreatment with nimodipine or indomethacin markedly attenuated the hypoxia- and reoxygenation-induced contractions. The KCl-induced contraction was not affected in hypoxic state, but contractions induced by $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ or endothelin (ET) were inhibited in the hypoxia, the latter being more sensitive to the hypoxia. Upon reoxygenation, the attenuated contraction rapidly recovered to the original tension. Both hypoxia and reoxygenation significantly increased cyclic GMP content in the intact preparations, but not in the endothelium-removed ones. Acetylcholine (ACh) produced concentration-dependent relaxations in the intact endothelial rings precontracted with $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ or endothelin, and the ACh-induced relaxation was inhibited by removal of endothelium and by hypoxia. ACh also increased cyclic GMP content in tissues pretreated with $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and the increase of cyclic GMP was abolished in hypoxic state. These results suggest that hypoxia- and reoxygenation-induced contractions are dependent on endothelium and extracellular calcium, and related to the release of prostaglandin-like substance(s).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1987

It has been reported that the luteal function may be regulated by the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level which may be adjusted partially by the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ in luteal cell membranes. Then, one may expect that luteotropic and/or luteolytic agents, such as gonadotropins, prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}\;(PGF_{2{\alpha}})$ and ouabain, affect the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level. In this present study, therefore, we examined the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH, or human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG), $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain on the kinetic properties of the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ in light membrane, heavy membrane, and microsomal fractions from the highly luteinized ovary. LH (or hCG) increased the affinity and the Vmax for $Ca^{++}$ both in light membrane and heavy membrane. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ increased the Vmax in light membrane and decreased the Km in heavy membrane for $Ca^{++}$ at low concentration $(5\;{\mu}g/ml)$. At higher concentration, however, $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ oppositly affected on kinetic properties, that shown at low concentration. Ouabain, a potent inhibitor of $Na^+-K^+-ATPase$, increased the Km at high concentration $(10^{-4}\;M)$, however, decreased the Vmax for $Ca^{++}$ in light membrane at low concentration $(10^{-6}\;M)$. Also, ouabain increased the Km for $Ca^{++}$ in heavy membrane without changes in the Vmax at both concentrations. It seems that LH and low dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ increase the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level and cause in activation of $Ca^{++}-ATPase$, however, higher dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain inhibit directly $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ activity and result in increase in intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level. According to the above results, we suggest that luteotropic and/or luteolytic agents regulate the luteal progesterone $(P_4)$ production through two different pathways; one is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent and another is $Ca^{++}-dependent$. Intracellula. $Ca^{++}$ level regulated by the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ may affect both pathways in a time-dependent fashion. LH (or hCG) acts on the luteal $P_4$ production via both pathways. The initial step is $Ca^{++}$ dependent, and the late step is cAMP dependent. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain increase the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration so that basal luteal $P_4$ production is increased and LH-stimulated $P_4$ production is inhibited by the inhibiting LH-dependent adenylate cyclase activity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.349-354
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• 1990

The effects of $PGF2{\alpha}$ on the conception rate and the plasma levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone of anestrus Cheju mares were investigated at the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The results obtained from this studies are as follows; 1. The durations of the estrus and diestrus after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment persisted shorter than control cycle (p<0.05), but ovulation time was fast. 2. The levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesteron before $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment showed 103.8pg/ml, 8.0ng/ml in breeding season and 72.8pg/ml, 4.7ng/ml in non-breeding season, respectively. 3. The levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ rose to 115.4~154.0pg/ml, and 90.8~27.0pg/ml from 2nd to 6th day after the treatment of $PGF_2{\alpha}$, in breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively, while progesterone level dropped to 1ng/ml with the sign of estrus and at 8th day rose in breeding season (p<0.05). 4. Of thirty anestrus mares investigated for $PGF_2{\alpha}$ administration, 87.5% showed estrus on an average of 3.8 days after treatment and the conception rate was 62.5% in breeding season, but the estrus and conception rates dropped 40% and 20% in non-breeding season, respectively.