• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study is to validate the correlation between Pain Face Scale(PFS) and Numerical Rating Scale(NRS), and to find out the methods to assess headache by PFS. Methods : The study participants included 28 headache patients. All patients answered questionnair, which include PFS, NRS, and other questions for measurements headache. It is analyzed by frequency, correlation with spss windows 14.0. Results : 1. PFS include the strength of headache, and feelings. 2. PFS express strength of headache more than NRS. 3. There was no significant relationship between aspect and regions of headache. Conclusions : Therefore PFS is objective measurement scale of headache.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.45-67
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• 2021

We analyze the social welfare effect when a policy-based financial system (PFS) enters a decentralized financial market. Particularly, the PFS in this case supports the interest spread for corporate loans held by firms with heterogeneous bankruptcy decisions under an imperfect information structure. Although support for capital costs through the PFS expands the economy consistently, the optimal level of PFS out of the corporate loan market is estimated to be 8.6% by a simulation model considering social welfare adjusted by the disutility of labor. This result is much lower than the recent level of PFS in the Korean financial sector.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.471-482
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• 2020

Objective: We aimed to determine the optimized image-based surrogate endpoints (IBSEs) in targeted therapies for glioblastoma through a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase III randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Materials and Methods: A systematic search of OVID-MEDLINE and EMBASE for phase III RCTs on glioblastoma was performed in December 2017. Data on overall survival (OS) and IBSEs, including progression-free survival (PFS), 6-month PFS (6moPFS), 12-month PFS (12moPFS), median PFS, and objective response rate (ORR) were extracted. Weighted linear regression analysis for the hazard ratio for OS and the hazard ratios or odds ratios for IBSEs was performed. The associations between IBSEs and OS were evaluated. Subgroup analyses according to disease stage (newly diagnosed glioblastoma versus recurrent glioblastoma), types of test treatment, and types of response assessment criteria were performed. Results: Twenty-three phase III RCTs published between 2000 and 2017, including 8387 patients, met the inclusion criteria. OS showed strong correlations with PFS (standardized β coefficient [R] = 0.719), 6moPFS (R = 0.647), and 12moPFS (R = 0.638). OS showed no correlations with median PFS and ORR. In subgroup analysis according to types of therapies, PFS showed the highest correlations with OS in targeted therapies for cell cycle pathways (R = 0.913) and growth factor receptors and their downstream pathways (R = 0.962). 12moPFS showed the highest correlation with OS in antiangiogenic therapy (R = 0.821). The response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria provided higher correlation coefficients between OS and IBSEs than the Macdonald criteria. Conclusion: Overall, PFS is an optimized IBSE in targeted therapies for glioblastoma; however, 12moPFS is optimal in antiangiogenic therapy.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to investigate perception, necessity, and satisfaction of a free foodservice in male middle school students. This study was conducted at male middle schools with paid foodservice (PFS group, 250 students) and with free foodservice (FFS group, 250 students) in Chungnam. Average age of students in the PFS group was 13.1 while that of FFS students was 12.8 years. Exactly 88% of PFS students and 94% of FFS students responded that school foodservice is necessary, which was a significant difference (P<0.05). As the reason for participating in foodservice, about 32% of the PFS students answered the school's request while 33.6% of FFS students answered nutrition, showing a significant difference (P<0.001). Exactly 72.8% of PFS and 96.4% of FFS knew about FFS (P<0.001). More PFS students (86.4%) than FFS students (66%) answered they would not participate in foodservice if the FFS would be introduced and the quality of meal service would deteriorate. After initiation to FFS, there were significant differences in assessment of foodservice: 77.6% of PFS students answered expected that the quality of foodservice would degrade, whereas 74.4% of FFS students answered that quality would not degrade (P<0.001). Satisfaction of foodservice was 2.3 points for FFS students, which was significantly lower than the 2.5 points for PFS students (P<0.001). To sum up assessment of foodservice was positive, whereas satisfaction was not significantly different between PFS and FFS. Based on this research, households, schools, and governments should promote FFS in order to diminish financial pressure for students.

• Composites Research
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.361-365
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• 2015

The influence of MWCNTs on fracture toughness properties of MWCNTs/Nickel-Pitch Fibers/epoxy composites (MWCNTs/Ni-PFs/epoxy) was investigated according to MWCNTs content. Nickel-Pitch-based carbon fibers (Ni-PFs) were prepared by electroless nickel-plating. The surface properties of Ni-PFs were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The fracture toughness of MWCNTs/Ni-PFs/epoxy was assessed by critical stress intensity factor ($K_{IC}$) and critical strain energy release rate ($G_{IC}$). From the results, it was found that the fracture toughness properties of MWCNTs/Ni-PFs/epoxy were enhanced with increasing MWCNTs content, whereas the value decreased above 5 wt.%. MWCNTs content. This was probably considered that the MWCNTs entangled with each other in epoxy due to an excess of MWCNTs.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.91-116
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• 2020

As a project appraisal tool, the preliminary feasibility study (PFS) has contributed to enhancing the efficiency of public investment decision-making in the Republic of Korea over the last two decades. To overcome the limitations of the efficiency-oriented cost-benefit analysis, the PFS accommodates equity concerns among regions, namely balanced regional development (BRD) analysis. This study attempts to gauge the contributions of BRD analysis to PFS results. Specifically, it addresses how effectively policy efforts to promote decision-making have been implemented in the PFS stage while also considering the balance between equity and efficiency in terms of the trade-off between them, the degree to which they influence the results, and whether the consideration of equity is in fact actually reflected in seriously underdeveloped regions as intended. The study finds that the PFS results over the last two decades have been largely in line with the background and policy objectives. Based on the findings of the study, needs for institutional improvement are suggested, including enhancements in the analysis of regional economic ripple effects and taking into account the psychological factors pertaining to the evaluators in the overall judgment.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2019

Purpose: To identify prognostic factors influencing progression-free survival (PFS) of aggressive fibromatosis (AF) after postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) and assess correlations between immunohistochemistry (IHC) features of β-catenin/smooth muscle actin (SMA) and PFS. Materials and Methods: Records of 37 patients with AF treated by PORT from 1984 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Fifteen patients underwent wide excision for AF and 22 patients received debulking operation. The median total dose of PORT was 59.4 Gy. IHC staining results of β-catenin and SMA were available for 11 and 12 patients, respectively. Results: The median follow-up duration was 105.9 months. Five-year PFS rate was 70.9%. Tumor size or margin status was not related to PFS in univariate analysis (p = 0.197 and p = 0.716, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that increased interval from surgery to PORT (>5.7 weeks) was a marginal risk factor for PFS (p = 0.054). Administration of PORT at the initial diagnosis resulted in significantly improved PFS compared to deferring PORT after recurrence (p = 0.045). Patient with both risk factors of deferring PORT after recurrence and interval from surgery to PORT >5.7 weeks had significantly lower 5-year PFS than patients without risk factor (34.1% vs. 100.0%; p = 0.012). Nuclear β-catenin intensity tended to inversely correlate with 5-year PFS, although it did not reach statistical significance (62.5% at low vs. 100.0% at high; p = 0.260). SMA intensity was not related to PFS (p = 0.700). Conclusion: PORT should be performed immediately after surgery irrespective of margin status or tumor size especially in recurrent case. Nuclear β-catenin staining intensity of IHC might correlate with local recurrence.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.399-405
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• 2012

본 연구는 지방대체제로 첨가한 홍화씨 분말이 내장 중 분쇄돈육의 이화학적 품질에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 분쇄돈육은 돈육등심 68%, 냉수 10%, 소금 2%에 돼지지방 20%(PF, control), 돼지지방 10%와 홍화씨 10%(PFS) 그리고 홍화씨 20%(SS)를 첨가하여 제조하였다. 이들은 냉장 중 pH, TBARS값, 색도, 보수력, 가열감량, 직경 감소율 및 기계적 조직감을 측정하였다. pH는 냉장 중 높아지다가 10일째 유의하게 감소했으며, 냉장 10일째의 pH는 PFS 및 SS가 PF보다 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). TBARS값은 냉장 중 유의하게 증가하여 냉장 10일째 PF, PFS 및 SS가 각각 1.186, 0.686 및 0.577 mg MA/kg을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 표면색깔의 경우 PF 및 PFS는 감소하였지만 SS는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 그리고 $a^*$값은 저장 중 감소하였지만 $b^*$값은 유의한 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 내부색깔의 경우 PFS 및 SS의 $L^*$값은 감소하였지만 PF는 저장 중 변화가 없었다(p<0.05). PF의 $a^*$값은 저장 중 감소하였지만 SS는 증가하였다(p<0.05). 그리고 PF의 $b^*$값은 저장 중 감소하였지만 PFS 및 SS는 유의한 변화가 없었다(p<0.05). 보수력은 냉장 중 감소하였으며, SS의 보수력이 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 가열감량은 PF가 가장 높았으며, PFS 및 SS는 냉장 중 유의한 변화가 없었다(p<0.05). 직경감소율은 냉장 중 변화가 없었으며, PF의 직경감소율이 가장 컸다(p<0.05). 경도 및 저작성은 냉장 중 증가하였으며, 탄성 및 응집성은 낮아졌다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과, 홍화씨 분말은 분쇄육제품의 동물성 지방 대체제로서 효과가 있었고, 육제품을 개선하는데 용이하게 사용하기 위해서는 홍화씨 분말 10%가 적당할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.87-91
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• 1996

Until the up to day, we have known that a tight iliotibial tract has an influence on the patella, pulling it laterally and causing pain in patients with patellofemoral syndrome, so should be stretched as a part of physical therapy. But the iliotibial tract's function on the patella in subjects with PFS has not yet been proved and further questions need to be answered regarding the evlauation or treatment of a tight tract in patients with PFS.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2008

적외선 분광법을 이용하여 하부상의 다양한 pH(3~11) 변화 및 금속이온($Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $La^{3+}$) 존재에 따른 perfluorostearic acid(PFS)의 이온화 거동에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) 수조의 하부상에 존재하는 pH 변화 및 금속이온의 종류에 따른 PFS의 -COOH의 C = O 신축진동 피크와 $COO^-$ 피크의 이동 및 강도의 변화를 관찰한 결과 하부상 수용액의 pH가 같은 경우에는 PFS의 -COOH 그룹의 C = O 피크 세기의 감소가 $La^{3+}$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $Na^+$의 순으로 나타났다. 이는 PFS에 대한 친화도가 $La^{3+}$가 가장 크며, $Ca^{2+}$ 및 $Na^+$의 순서로 감소한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 증류수 하부상에서 생성된 perfluorostearate 이온의 몰분율을 측정한 IR 스펙트럼으로부터 계산한 결과 약 pH 3의 낮은 pH 값에서도 50% 이상의 perfluorostearate 이온이 생성되는 것을 관찰하였으며, 이러한 결과는 PFS의 이온화도가 stearic acid (SA)보다 높은 것을 나타낸다.