• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.50 no.8
• /
• pp.752-756
• /
• 2007

Purpose : The aim of this study was to compare 2 laxatives, namely, polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes and lactulose, evaluating the efficacy and safety for the treatment of constipation in children. Methods : Fifty-six children with chronic functional constipation were randomly assigned to receive polyethylene glycol 4000 (24 patients) or lactulose (32 patients). Patients or their parents reported defecation frequency, stool consistency, abdominal pain, stool incontinence and side effects after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. Percentage of recovered patients were compared with each group. Results : Defecation frequency, abdominal pain and stool incontinence were improved in each group. At 12 months of follow up, 60% of patients treated with polyethylene glycol and 57.7% of patients treated with lactulose were considered as recovered. Conclusion : In this study, both polyethylene glycol and lactulose were equally effective and safe in the long-term treatment of constipation in children. There were no significant differences in recovery rates between 2 groups.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.41-45
• /
• 2001

Japanese Larch(Larix kaempferi) was treated with aqueous solutions(30%, 40%, 50%) of polyethylene glycols(PEG, #1000, #1500, #4000, #6000) for the dimensional stabilization. The antiswelling efficiency(ASE) was measured for the evaluation of the dimensional stabilization. The weight percent gains(WPGs) of the woods treated with 40% solutions were higher than those of the others, and the highest WPG was achieved by treatment with 40% solution of PEG #1500. The ASE decreased with increasing molecular weight of PEG. ASE of woods treated with PEG #1000 and PEG #1500 were higher than those of the others.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 1990

Ethylcellulose-PEG 4000 film coated on core tablets was investigated as a potential drug delivery system for the controlled release of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM). The kinetic analysis of the release data indicated that CPM release followed a diffusion-controlled model, where the quantity released per unit area is proportional to the square root of time. The effect of the film composition, CPM concentration, plasticizer concentration and CPM solubility on the release characteristics were examined. The release rate constant increased as CPM concentration increased. It also increased as the PEG 4000 content in the film increased above 10%(w/w), however, it decreased as the PEG 4000 content increased in the concentration range below 10%(w/w). The release rate constant was not affected by the coated weight on the core tablet. The film-coated tablets which contain CPM only in the coated film layer seemed to be a potential oral drug delivery system for the controlled release of CPM.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2016

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between colon transit time (CTT) test value and initial maintenance dose of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 or lactulose. Methods: Of 415 children with chronic functional constipation, 190 were enrolled based on exclusion criteria using the CTT test, defecation diary, and clinical chart. The CTT test was performed with prior disimpaction. The laxative dose for maintenance was determined on the basis of the defecation diary and clinical chart. The Shapiro-Wilk test and Pearson's and Spearman's correlations were used for statistical analysis. Results: The overall group median value and interquartile range of the CTT test was 43.8 (31.8) hours. The average PEG 4000 dose for maintenance in the overall group was $0.68{\pm}0.18g/kg/d$; according to age, the dose was $0.73{\pm}0.16g/kg/d$ (<8 years), $0.53{\pm}0.12g/kg/d$ (8 to <12 years), and $0.36{\pm}0.05g/kg/d$ (12 to 15 years). The dose of lactulose was $1.99{\pm}0.43mL/kg/d$ (<8 years) or $1.26{\pm}0.25mL/kg/d$ (8 to <12 years). There was no significant correlation between CTT test value and initial dose of laxative, irrespective of the subgroup (encopresis, abnormal CTT test subtype) for either laxative. Even in the largest group (overall, n=109, younger than 8 years and on PEG 4000), the correlation was weak (Pearson's correlation coefficient [R]=0.268, p=0.005). Within the abnormal transit group, subgroup (n=73, younger than 8 years and on PEG 4000) correlation was weak (R=0.267, p=0.022). Conclusion: CTT test value cannot predict the initial maintenance dose of PEG 4000 or lactulose with linear correlation.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2004.10a
• /
• pp.115-130
• /
• 2004

Plant-based cultural assets using straw and grass as household goods of our people's have been used as indispensable tools for practical living for a very long time. However, only a limited number of artifacts were unearthed so far due to tile fragility of the material. For this reason, research on plant-based cultural properties had close to no progress, and the appropriateness of the PEG method, high-grade alcohol method, alcohol--ether-resin method, and Paraloid B-72 used in preserving plant-based cultural properties has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, this study examined the weight change rate by applying the methods of Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying used mostly as a earth-layer hardening material among PEG and acrylic resin, which are applied widely for preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood, as a means to preserve plant-based cultural properties along with the examination of the subject material, and an experiment was also performed on moisture absorption. The findings as a result were, first, the plant-based material being studied was found to be Typha (Typha orientalis Presl). Secondly, the weight change experiment applying $PEG\#400$ and $PEG\#4000$ confirmed a steady increase of weight if PEG -2Step is used for treatment. Third, in preserving all subject materials with soil, treatment with $PEG\#4000$, Primal MC-76, and vacuum freeze-drying showed that tile vacuum freeze-drying method resulted in the largest or $20\%$ reduction in weight, while Primal MC-76 resulted in $18\%$ and $PEG\#4000$ in $8\%$ of weight reduction. It was concluded that, considering the stability of soil measurement, this came to be because resin permeation was carried out along with tile drying process. Fourth, the weight changes were found to be around $10\%$ in various humidity conditions after the preservation treatment. The greatest weight change rate was seen in the case of $PEG\#4000$, particularly having chemicals gush out in a high humidity (RH $84\%$ or higher) environment. In the case of Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying methods, $6\~8\%$ weight changes were detected, and the lowest weight change was found in the case of the vacuum freeze-drying method. Fifth, as for color changes after treatment, blackening occurred most strongly with $PEG\#4000$, while Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying manifested colors closest to dry straw or grass. However, the texture of straw was not very evident in the case of Primal MC-76, due to a glossy surface, but vacuum freeze-drying was found to offer tile best result in terms of texture. Putting together the results of the above experiments, vacuum freeze-drying presented after being treated with PEG2-Step the most stabilized changes in weight, while it offered the smallest change in color as well.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.43-47
• /
• 1988

In order to increase the dissolution characteristics of relatively water-insoluble metoclopramide (MCP), coprecipitates of MCP with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000, 4000 or 6000 were prepared in various drug to polymer ratios. The dissolution rate of MCP-PVP coprecipitate was greater than those of MCP alone, MCP-PVP physical mixture and MCP-PEG coprecipitates. The dissolution rate of MCP-PEG 6000 coprecipitate was greater than those of MCP-PEG 1000 and MCP-PEG 4000 coprecipitates. The dissolution half-lives $(T_{50%})$ for MCP alone and 1:5 (w/w) MCP-PEG 6000 coprecipitate were determined by the log-probit method at $37^{\circ}C$ and found to be 4.17 and 0.98 min, respectively.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.225-235
• /
• 2020

The present study aimed to monitor changes in the amount of PEG free-flowing back from PEG-treated woods and compressive strength changes with change in relative humidity from 90% to 30%. The change in the relative humidity was done 3 times. For the current study, water-logged wood (Prinus group) was used and the wooden blocks cut out of it were subjected to 3 different impregnation methods combined with different drying conditions as follows: 1) impregnating with 80% PEG#4000 followed by drying in nature (hereafter PEG80), 2) impregnating with 40% PEG#4000 and then drying in vacuum freeze drying equipment (hereafter PEG40), and 3) impregnating with 40% PEG#4000 in t-butanol, followed by drying in the vacuum freeze drying equipment (hereafter TB40). It was verified that most of the PEG was free-flowing back from the PEG-treated woods; however, a small amount of left PEG was observed on the lumen surface. The amount of PEG free-flowing back from the PEG-treated woods increased whenever the relative humidity changes from 90% to 30%. The compressive strengths of PEG80 and TB40 were increased whenever the relative humidity changed from 90% to 30%, whereas PEG40 decreased. The current study showed how to control the relative humidity to effectively manage PEG-treated waterlogged woods.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1996

Biphenyldimethyldicarboxylate (PMC), which has been used to treat hepatitis, is insoluble in water, therefore it has low bioavailability after oral administration. For the purpose of increasing the dissolution rate of PMC, the physical mixtures and inclusion complexes of PMC and $dimethyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(DM\;{\beta}CD)\;or\;hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(HP{\beta}CD)$ in molar ratio of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Mixed micelles of PMC were prepared by reacting PMC with bile salts [sodium cholate(NaC), sodium glycocholate (NaGC)] and oleic acid (OA) or palmitoylcarnitine chloride(PCC). Chloroform/water partition coefficient (PC) of PMC was 36.14 in artificial gastric juice (AGJ) and 33.47 in artificial intestinal juice (AIJ), respectively, on the other hand octanol/water PC was 63.36. PMC formulation was prepared by reacting PMC with PEG400-glycerin system(95 : 5, 90 : 10, respectively) and PEG400-PEG4000-glycerin system (70 : 25 : 5, 65 : 25 : 10, respectively). Dissolution test was performed in AGJ and AIJ by paddle method at $37{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. The dissolution rates of PMC tablets on the market were 5.74% and 8.26% at AGJ and AIJ, respectively and marketed PMC capsules were 22.14% and 28.64% at AGJ and AIJ, respectively. The dissolution rates of inclusion complexes of PMC with $DM{\beta}CD$ and $HP{\beta}CD$ in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 were more fast than those of corresponding physical mixtures. The decreasing order of dissolution rates was as follows; PMC-PEG400-PEG4000-glycerin formulation > PMC-PEG400-glycerin formulation > mixed micelles > CD inclusion complexes. The dissolution rates of PMC-PEG400-glycerin and PMC-PEG400-PEG4000-glycerin formulation were most fast and the percentage of dissolution was almost 100% within 20 minutes. And their dissolution rates after 120 minutes were markedly increased as compared with capsules on the market (4.0-fold and 3.2-fold in PMC-PEG400-glycerin formulation at AGJ and AIJ, respectively, and 4.8-fold and 3.7-fold in PMC-PEG400-PEG4000-glycerin formulation at AGJ and AIJ, respectively).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.148-151
• /
• 1986

This paper was designed to investigate the influence of different suppository bases on both the rectal absorption and dissolution rate of lithium carbonate, and to compare bioavailability from rectal administration with that from oral administration. The dissolution rates were in such order as PEG 4000, surfactant A (Witepsol 15+sodium lauryl sulfate), surfactant B (Witepsol 15+cholic acid), Witepsol 15 and cacao butter. Among various suppository bases, the blood level of lithium carbonate after rectal administration was increased in the following order: surfactant A>surfactant B>PEG 4000>Witepsol 15>cacao butter. When it comes to compare oral with rectal administration in AUC values, surfactants and PEG 4000 showed similar blood levels to oral administration, but lipophilic bases such as Witepsol 15 and cacao butter showed far lower blood level than oral administration. Peak time in oral administration was 2 hrs, but those in rectal administration using various suppository bases were $6{\sim}8$ hrs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.383-389
• /
• 1985

Optimum conditions of PEG treatment for the intergeneric fusion of yeast protoplasts were investigated. Fusants were selected by nutritional complementation on minimal medium. The intergeneric fusion frequency between pro-toplasts of S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis was distributed 10$^{-4}$ to 10$^{-6}$, depending on the combination of parental strains. PEG 4000 or 6000 are equally effective. 30%(w/v) PEG 4000 was found to be optimum and below 20% its stabilizing effect was lost, resulting in protoplast lysis, and optimum pH was 8.0. The efficiency of PEG was enhanced by higher temperature of the PEG solution, and by the addition of Ca ions. The stimulating effect of Ca ions in the range of 1 mM to 100 mM proved similar.