• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.365-375
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• 2019

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuro-degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Oxidative stress is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, and account for the toxicity of a wide range of compounds. Methods and Results: In order to study the neuro-protective effect of the complex extracts of Aster scaber Thunberg (AS) and Chaenoleles sinensis Koehne (CSK) against hydrogen peroxide in PC12 cells, cell viability was evaluated by the MTT assay using tetrazole, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and the intracellular ROS levels were determined the by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. In order to examine the anti-amnesic effects of the complex extracts of AS and CSK, behavioral tests were performed on male ICR mice. The ameliorating effect of the complex extracts against Aβ_1-42-induced learning and memory impairment was analyzed by y-maze and passive avoidance tests. The AS and CSK extracts showed neuro-protective activity both in vitro and in vivo, and the neuro-protective effect of their 60 : 40 (AS : CSK) mixture was better than that of the other mixtures. Moreover, the complex extracts synergistically inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and rapid peroxidation. Conclusions: A mixture of the AS and CSK extracts could be used to develop functional foods and serve as raw materials for the development of therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2012

The ash content, mineral composition, total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and neuroprotective effect of the antlers of deer fed with herb-incorporated feedstuff (HFS) or normal feedstuff (NFS) were comparatively evaluated. The contents of ash and mineral of the antler of deer fed with HFS were significantly lower than its counterpart. The ash and mineral contents of deer antlers decreased generally from the upper section toward the tip section. The ratios of Ca/ash, Ca/P, and Ca/Fe of antler of deer fed with HFS were lower than those of antler of deer fed with NFS. Antlers of deer fed with HFS had higher total phenolics, nitrite scavenging capacity, and antioxidant capacity than those of deer fed with NFS. Antlers of deer fed with HFS or NFS showed in vitro neuronal protection of PC-12 cells against oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, where antler of deer fed with HFS generally had higher cellular viability than NFS. These results above suggest that the incorporation of the medicinal herbal complex into feedstuff may improve the biological effects of deer antlers.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.858-862
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities and neuroprotective effects of methanolic extracts from Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet (STE). STE ($100\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed $43.33\;{\mu}M$ of total phenolic content, 64.43% of radical scavenging activity, and 0.157 of reducing power. In addition, the effect of STE on $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage in human leucocytes was evaluated by the comet assay, where STE was a dose dependent inhibitor of DNA damage induced by $200{\mu}M$ of $H_2O_2$. The protective effect of STE against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage on PC12 cells was investigated by an 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. After 2 hr of cell exposure to $H_2O_2\;(500\;{\mu}M)$, a marked reduction in cell survival was observed. However, this reduction was significantly prevented by $1-50\;{\mu}g/mL$ of STE. Therefore, these results suggest that STE could be a new antioxidant candidate against neuronal diseases.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.8.1-8.12
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• 2018

FAM46B is a member of the family with sequence similarity 46. Little is known about the expression and functional role (s) of FAM46B in prostate cancer (PC). In this study, the expression of FAM46B expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas, GSE55945, and an independent hospital database was measured by bioinformatics and real-time PCR analysis. After PC cells were transfected with siRNA or a recombinant vector in the absence or presence of a ${\beta}$-catenin signaling inhibitor (XAV-939), the expression levels of FAM46B, C-myc, Cyclin D1, and ${\beta}$-catenin were measured by western blot and realtime PCR. Cell cycle progression and cell proliferation were measured by flow cytometry and the CCK-8 assay. The effects of FAM46B on tumor growth and protein expression in nude mice with PC tumor xenografts were also measured. Our results showed that FAM46B was downregulated but that ${\beta}$-catenin was upregulated in patients with PC. FAM46B silencing promoted cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in PC, which were abrogated by XAV-939. Moreover, FAM46B overexpression inhibited PC cell cycle progression and cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. FAM46B silencing promoted ${\beta}$-catenin protein expression through the inhibition of ${\beta}$-catenin ubiquitination. Our data clearly show that FAM46B inhibits cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in PC through ubiquitination of ${\beta}$-catenin.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.320-332
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• 2005

Objectives: The aim of the experiment is to identify any anti-tumor effects of Duchesnea indica(Andr.) Focke on stomach, liver, urinary bladder, prostate and kidney cancer cells. Materials & Methods: For cancer cells, AGS stomach, Hep3B and Hep3G2 liver, HT-1197, HT-1376 urinary bladder, PC3 prostate, and A-704 kidney cancer cells, all obtained from Korean Ce 11 Line Bank, were used. The boiled extract of Duchesnea indica(Andr.) Focke (10 and 20 microliters) was injected into cultures, and the cultures were observed at 0, 6 and 12 hours, and from then on at 12 hours intervals up to 72 hours. The destruction of stomach, liver, urinary bladder, prostate and kidney cancer cells were measured through Trypan blue exclusion testing. The suppresion on viability of stomach, liver, urinary bladder, prostate and kidney cancer cells was measured via MTT assay. Anti-cancer mechanisms were assessed by analyzing the cell cycle. Results: In morphologic change, AGS, Hep3B, HepG2 showed the withdrawn and floating appearance that is typical in cellular impairment. The destruction of AGS, HT-1197, HT-1376, A-704, PC-3, Hep3B and HepG2 cancer cells in each test group was greater than that in the control group to a statistically significant degree. The suppression on viability of AGS, HT-1197 and Hep3G in each test group was greater than that in the control group to a statistically significant degree. Analysis of the cell cycle after injection of D... Focke showed inhibition of cell division in all test groups(AGS, Hep3B, HepG2, HT-1197, HT-1376, PC3, A-704). Conclusions: The results of this experiment suggest that Duchesnea indica(Andr.) Focke has statistically significant anti-tumor effects on stomach, urinary bladder, kidney, prostate and liver cancer, of which stomach and liver cancer are prominently significant. This in vitro experiment supports a role for Duchesnea indica(Andr.) Focke as a potential cancer treatment, but progressive research on Duchesnea indica(Andr.) Focke and its anti-tumor effects is needed to develop a practical application for it in cancer treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.502-507
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• 2006

In a previous study, an extract of Clavicorona pyxidata DGUM 29005 mycelia demonstrated an inhibitory effect against enzyme-associated perceptual disorders. We have attempted to determine whether this mycelial extract is also capable of inhibiting the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ${\beta}$-secretase (BACE) activity. Butanol, ethanol, and water extracts of C. pyxidata DGUM 29005 mycelia were shown to inhibit AChE activity by 99.3%, 93.7%, and 91.7%, respectively. The inhibitory value of the butanol extract was more profound than that of tacrine (95.4%). The ethanol extract also exerted an inhibitory effect against BACE activity; this fraction may harbor the potential for development into a pharmocotherapeutic modality for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells in culture were not determined to be susceptible to the cytotoxic activity evidenced by the mycelial extract. The ethanol extract inhibited endogenous AChE activity in PC12 cellular homogenates, with an $IC_{50}\;of\;67.5{\mu}g/ml$, after incubation with intact cells, and also inhibited BACE activity in a dose-dependent fashion. These results suggest that the C. pyxidata mycelial extract has the potential to enhance cholinergic function and, therefore, may perform a function in the amelioration of the cholinergic deficit observed in cases of AD, as well as other types of age-associated memory impairment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 2002

This research investigates the effect of the Crataegus pinnatifida BGE. var. major N.E. BR(CPVM) on Alzheimer's disease. The CPVM extract suppressed the expression of IL-1 β, IL-6, APP, AChE mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT105. The CPVM extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT105. The CPVM extract group showed a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by CT105 in the Morris water maze experiment. The CPVM extract suppressed the over-expression of IL-1 β, TNF- α and ROS in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by CT105. This study suggests that CPVM may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.138.2-139
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• 2003

The inhibitory effects of (1R, 9S)- and (1S, 9R)-enantiomers of $\beta$-hydrastine (BHS) on dopamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells were investigated. (1R, 9S)-BHS decreased the intracellular dopamine content with the $IC_{50}$ value of 14.3 $\mu\textrm{M}$ at 24 h, but (1S, 9R)-BHS did not. In these conditions, (1R, 9S)-BHS inhibited TH activity mainly in a concentration-dependent manner(33％ inhibition at 20 $\mu\textrm{M}$) and decreased TH mRNA level. (omitted)

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.888-894
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• 2007

Src homology (SH) domains of phospholipase C-$\gamma1$ (PLC-$\gamma1$) impair NGF-mediated PC12 cells differentiation. However, whether the enzymatic activity is also implicated in this process remains elusive. Here, we report that the enzymatic activity of phospholipase C-$\gamma1$ (PLC-$\gamma1$) is at least partially involved to the blockage of neuronal differentiation via an abrogation of MAPK activation, as well as sustained Akt activation. By contrast, Overexpression of WT-PLC-$\gamma1$ exhibited sustained NGF-induced MAPK activation, and triggered transient Akt activation resulting in profound inhibition of neurite outgrowth. However, lipase-inactive mutant (LIM) PLC-$\gamma1$ cells fail to suppress neurite outgrowth, although it contains intact SH domains, specifically enhancing the expression of cyclin D1 and p21 proteins, which regulate the function of retinoblastoma Rb protein. These observations show that the lipase inactive mutant of PLC-$\gamma1$ does not alter NGF-induced neuronal differentiation via enzymatic inability and the modulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins independent on SH3 domain.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.67-67
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• 2003

Minocycline is known to protect neurons from microglia-mediated cell death in many experimental models of brain diseases including ischemic stroke, Huntingtons disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinsons disease. When the activity of caspases was assessed using their fluorescent peptide substrates, activation of caspase-2, 3, 8, and 9 was evident within 2 8 hr following oxidative insult with 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide in PC12 cells. Minocycline significantly attenuated activation of these caspases up to 18 hr, resulting a significant increase in the cell viability as assessed by MTT assay as well as trypan blue staining. However, cleavage of alpha-spectrin and a cdk5 activator p35, which are known to be substrates for calpain, remained unchanged in the presence of minocycline, suggesting that minocycline did not block caspase-3-independent cell death or necrosis. Moreover, co-treatment with minocycline and a calpain inhibitor calpeptin synergistically inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. These data suggest that minocycline directly inhibited apoptosis, but not necrosis, after oxidative insult in PC12 cells.