• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer and to identify demographic variables and clinical characteristics impact on depressive symptoms and health related quality of life in patients with breast cancer in a university hospital. Methods : Fourty-one patients with breast cancer were selected, who had visited the department of General surgery of the Wonkwang University hospital with a diagnosis of breast cancer regularly during the period November, 2010-May, 2011. All of subjects were evaluated for the depression, anxiety and the health related quality of life with Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), anxiety subscale of Personality Assessment Inventory(PAI) and Short-Form 36 Health Survey-Korean version(SF-36-K). Patients were divided into depressive symptoms and non-depressive symptoms group according to the BDI score. We compared SF-36-K between two groups, and analized multiple regression with depression and health related quality of life as criterion variables and demographic and clinical characteristics. Results : The prevalence of depression in patients with breast cancer in a University hospital was 36.4%. Compared to the non-depression, depressed patients with breast cancer appeared significantly lower mean scores on six subscales in SF-36-K : Physical function(p<.01), Role-physical(p<.001), General health(p<.05), Social function(p<.001), Role-emotional(p<.001) and Mental health(p<.001). But there was no significant difference between two groups in Vitality and Bodily pain. Anxiety, level of education and presence of enforcement of chemotherapy(63.6%) were significant explanation variables for depressive symptoms. And type of surgery and age(55.8%) were significant explanation variables for health related quality of life. Conclusions : The prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer in a University hospital was 36%. The depressive symptoms had not only negative impact on the health related quality of life but also important explanation variable for health related quality of life. These results suggest that depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer should be evaluated and treated for improving patient's health related quality of life.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2020

Coastal ferry routes are very important because they connect the mainland to islands, offer transportation for islanders, and bring tourism to islands. In particular, the recent increase in national income, prevalence of a culture that emphasizes work-life balance, and introduction of the five-day workweek have stoked interest in travel as a leisure pursuit, and demand for tourism from Korean people in islands has increased. As the number of passengers using coastal passenger terminals increases due to changes in the coastal tourism environment, the importance and need for coastal passenger terminal facilities and services is growing. Under these circumstances, it is necessary for the management organizations of coastal passenger terminals to manage and efficiently operate the terminals in such a way that budgets can be reasonably implemented and the convenience of passengers using the terminals is enhanced. This study primarily analyzed the management efficiency of coastal passenger terminals in terms of profitability and public interest using data envelopment analysis. The eight passenger terminals achieved low management efficiency in terms of profitability. These terminals should improve profitability by increasing income from terminal office rental and ancillary businesses and revenue from terminal fees by boosting island tourism and expanding overseas passenger transportation. The eight terminals with low management efficiency for public interest should increase the number of passengers by promoting island tourism, developing tour packages to Japan and China's coastal areas, developing new routes, and introducing super-high-speed ships.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.221-238
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• 2005

This study analyzed the contents of the milk-related nutrition education currently found in elementary and secondary school textbooks. An attempt was made to develop the basic data needed to in the future provide students with pertinent in formation regarding the nutritional attributes of milk, as well as the desired consumption behavior, within the school education system. To attain the objectives of this study, the researcher analyzed the contents of the milk-related nutrition education described in elementary and secondary school textbooks(1st-10th grades). Based on the results of this analysis, measures were developed to organize the contents of the milk-related nutrition education that should be taught within the school education system. At the elementary school level, milk-related nutrition education was included in the textbooks for the integrated curriculum for the lower grades, as well as in the science, practical arts, and physical education textbooks for every grade, except the End and the 6th. The practical arts textbook, which contained basic knowledge related to the nutritional attributes of milk and the proper method in which to intake milk, was found to be the one which dealt with milk-related nutrition education in the most detail. At the secondary school level. milk-related nutrition education was included in the 7th-10th grade textbooks for the science, technology and home economics, and physical education courses. In this instance. the technology and home economics textbooks were the ones which were found to contain the most milk-related nutrition education covering such aspects as the nutritional attributes of milk, the special characteristics of milk as a food. how to select and store milk. as well as how to use milk as part of a balanced diet in everyday life. However, as was the case at the elementary school levet the repetitious nature of the milk-related contents found in the textbooks for various school subjects and at different school levels, as well as the inefficient hierarchical structure in which the knowledge is presented, were identified as key problems. There is a need to establish the appropriate milk-related nutrition education for each school level. The need to develop education programs, which could be linked to the school subjects and special milk programs, was also emphasized.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.21-29
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• 2017

In this study of visitor place attachment to parks, Scannel and Gilford considered the dimensions of place attachment, and proposed the theoretical framework of PPP(Place, Person, Process) that should be systematically studied from the perspective of person, place and psychological processes. According to Scannel's theoretical basis, this paper puts forward the hypothesis of a structure model of place attachment. In the model, the five independent variables of people, places, cognition, emotion, and behavior have influenced the dependent variable of place attachment. The questionnaire was conducted on 18 neighborhood parks in Kunming, China, and the residents of the 5 neighborhood parks in Daejeon, South Korea. A total of 1,645 valid samples of the questionnaire survey were collected. Through confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) results of the inspection of the various elements, it was shown that the reliabilities of 6 latent variables, such as people, places, cognition, affection, behavior and place attachment, which were composed with the observed variables(30 observed variables in Daejeon, 19 observed variables in Kunming), were all above 0.7 and the data were fit for this study. The hypothesis test results found that the physical environment of the neighborhood parks such as a comfortable environment, pleasant road and convenient facilities would increase the rate of visitors coming back. From the park management perspective, to increase the amount of visitors to the park, the park should increase visibility, provide more organized, varied activities and meetings, or special exhibitions according to the particular characteristics of the individual park, to increase awareness of the park. From the park visitors' psychological perspective, visitors are seeking to enjoy the park facilities and environment not only to bring physical relaxation, but also to bring about a psychological cure. With the commonality of attachment structure between the two countries, to improve the place attachment of neighborhood park visitors, collecting regularly visitor feedback will facilitate the sustainable development of neighborhood park attachment.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.272-279
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• 2007

Purpose : We tried to find out the clinical parameters which predict the outcome of treatment in children with enuresis. Methods : Enuresis patients who visited our hospital during 2003-2007 were included. Parameters such as age, gender, height, weight, minimal voided volume, maximal voided volume, maximum functional bladder capacity, frequency of voiding, urine S,G. before and after sleep were measured and an enuresis diary was also recorded. The reduction in wetting frequencies were classified into three groups; none(<50%), partial(50-90%) and complete(90%) response groups. We also compared the 'initial responders' who showed improvement(${\ge}50%$) during the 2 weeks of evaluation and behavioral therapy to the 'initial non-responders'. Results : Parameters mentioned above showed no significant relation to the treatment out-come. The response rate during the 2 weeks of the evaluation period was 32%(49/151) [complete in 1.3% (2/151), partial in 29.6% (47/151)]. Two-months' treatment responses were complete in 14(40%), partial in 19(54.3%) and none in 2(5.9%) responders(n=35), while they were 10(13.5%), 46(62.2%) and 18(24.3%), respectively in the non-responders(n=73) (P<0.05). Conclusion : We suggest that initial 'responsiveness' can be used as a predictor for good treatment outcome in patients with enuresis.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2003

Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is known to be the main cause of childhood hypertension and renal failure. Knowing its familial occurrence, we determined the incidence of VUR and renal scar in asymptomatic siblings of Korean patients with primary VUR Methods : A total of 50 siblings from 37 index patients were included. Voiding cystourethro-graphy(VCUG) and renal scintigraphy using $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ were peformed in these siblings from June, 1994 to May, 2001, Index patients were classified into two groups according to the presence of VUR in their siblings, and the clinical factors of the index patients such as age, sex, grade of reflux and renal cortical defect were compared between the groups. Results : Among the 50 siblings, VUR were found in 8(16%) and renal cortical defects were detected in 8(16%) siblings respectively. The incidence of renal cortical defects was 87.5%(7 out of 8) in the VUR(+) siblings. There was a case of VUR(-) cortical defect in one sibling, presumed as a scar from an old VUR. There was no relationship among age, sex, grade of reflux and renal cortical defect of the index patient to the presence of VUR in siblings. Conclusion : This study confirmed a significant incidence of VUR(16%) and renal cortical defects(16%) in the asymptomatic siblings of patients with primary VUR in Korea. It Is resonable to recommend screening studies to the siblings of patients with VUR for the early detection and prevention of probable reflux nephropathy. (J K orean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2003;7:181-188)

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.116-123
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• 2011

This study investigates the characteristics(form, material, structure, method of construction, vegetation) and model of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs for conservation and restoration. The objects of study are the lotus pond of Namyangju Gwangreung, Hyoreung, Gimpo Jangreung and Sungreung that are well-preserved and the record is remaining. The form is two plane types, square shaped include an island and square shaped. The pond is 7.5~81m in width and 6.5~45m in length and the island is 8~16m in diameter. The depth of water is 0.5~1.2m and the cross section form is narrow bottom and wide top. The material of shore protection is soil in Hyoreung, Gimpo Jangreung and Sungreung. The bottom is mud in all sites. I think that the main material of the lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs is soil. The lotus pond is built by soil bank in the structure and method of construction. The water supply and drainage are worked through the culvert. There are many kinds of plants in the lotus pond today, however I think that the model of vegetation of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs is lotus the inside, pine tree, fir tree and flowers the around and pine tree the inside of island in compared the present and the old literature. In comparison with the lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs and the lotus pond in the Joseon palace, the material is the biggest difference. The main material is soil in Royal Tombs but isodomic in Royal Palace. I think that the difference of material in between two causes the difference of structure and method of construction. The Royal Tombs is valuable in architecture, landscape and esthetics, this study investigated the characteristics and model of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs. I think that this study serves as a momentum to find a traditional technique in Royal water space and offer the foundation to plan in the contemporary water space.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.36
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• pp.117-152
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• 2020

In Daesoon Thought, Matteo Ricci is regarded highly as a Jongjang, 'religious leader,' (of Christianity). This paper deals with the life and philosophical/theological thought of Matteo Ricci as homo-religiosus from the perspective of phenomenology of religion. Examining his historical background and biographical sketch, I will analyze Ricci's understanding of God, humanity, and salvation and re-evaluate his relationship with Daesoon Thought. Matteo Ricci, born in Italy, became a Jesuit missionary to China and transmitted various products of western civilization. Accepting the pro-cultural approach of Jesuit mission, he applied it to Chinese culture and language by learning the Chinese language and regarding Chinese people as his friends. This was a sympathetic way to transmit Western religion and culture while on Chinese soil. He suggested eight reasons to look towards the future of China with optimism and taught Chinese people his Christian message through his indirect means of understanding and persuasion. In China, Jesuit missionaries called the Christian God 'Tianzhu (Cheonju in Sino-Korean),' meaning Lord of Heaven. Ricci identified the Confucian notion of 'Shangdi (Sangje in Sino-Korean),' meaning Supreme Emperor (or God) with Tianzhu. While translating Confucian scriptures, he found the common ground between Confucianism and Christianity to be the monotheism of ancient Confucianism. He criticized the concepts of God in Buddhism and Daoism, and justified the Christian doctrine of God by way of a Confucian understanding of deity. Ricci's understanding of humanity was based on his Christian faith in creation, and he criticized the Buddhist concept of transmigration. He proposed Christian ethics and doctrine of salvation by using discourse on the afterlife and in particular, the concepts of heaven and hell. Concerning the relationship between Daesoon Thought and Ricci, the following aspects should be examined: 1.) Ricci's contribution to the cultural exchanges between East and West, 2.) his peaceful approach to his mission based on dialogue and persuasion, 3.) the various activities conducted by Ricci as a Christian leader, and 4.) his belief in miraculous healings. His influence on Korea will likewise be explored. Ricci's ultimate aim was to communicate with Asian people and unify East and West under a singular worldview by emphasizing the similarities between the Christian and Confucian concepts of God.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.83-121
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• 2004

This study was carried out to examine how solid the production foundation of rice in Chung-Nam Province is, and, if not, to probe alternative measures through the size of farms specializing in rice, of which direction would be a pivot of rice industry-oriented policy. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1. The amount of rice production in Chung-Nam Province is highest in Korea and the size of paddy field area is the second largest : This implying that the probability that rice production in Chung-Nam Province would be severely influenced by a global trend of market conditions. The number of farms specializing in rice becoming the core group of rice farming account for 7.7 percent of the total number of farm household in Korea. Average field area financial support which had been input to farm household by Government had a noticeable effect on the improvement of the policy of farm-size program. 2. Farm-size program in Chung-Nam Province established from 1980 to 2002 in creased the cultivation size of paddy field to 19,484 hectares, and this program enhanced the buying and selling of farmland and the number of farmland bargain reached 6,431 household and 16,517 hectares, respectively, in 1995-2002. Meanwhile, long-term letting and hiring of farmland appeared so active that the bargain acreage reached 6,970 hectares, and farm involved was 7,059 households, however, the farm-exchange-and-unity program did not satisfy our expectation, because the retirement farm operators reluctantly participated to sell their farms. Another reason that had delayed the bargain of farms rested on the general category of social complication attendant upon the exchange and unity operation for scattered farm. Such difficulties would work negative effects out to carry on the target of farm-size work in general. 3. The following measures were presented to propel the farm-size promotion program : a. Occupation shift project, followed by the social security program for retirement and elderly farm operators, should be promptly established and also a number of types of incentives for promoting the letting and hiring work and farm-exchange-and-unity program would also be set up. b. To establish the effective key system of rice production, all the farm operators should increase the unit area yield of rice and lower the production cost. To do so, a great deal of production teams of rice equipped with managerial techniques and capabilities need to be organized. And, also, there should be appropriate arrays of facilities including information system. This plan is desirable to be in line with a diversity of the structural implement of regional integration based on farm system building. c. To extend the size of farm and to improve farm management, we have to devise the enlargement of individual size of farm for maximized management and the utilization of farm-size grouping method. In conclusion, it can be said that the farm-size project in Chung-Nam Province which has continued since the 1980s was satisfactorily achieved. However, we still have a lot of problems to be solved to break down the barrier for attainment of the desirable farm-size operation work.. Farm-size project has fairly close relation with farm specialization in rice and, thus, the positive support for farm household including the integrated program for both retirement farmers and off-farm operators should be considered to pursue the progressive development of the farm-size program, which is key means to successful achievement of rice farming enforcement in Chung-Nam Province.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.321-330
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• 1999

Background : Early diagnosis and proper antibiotic treatment are very important in the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) because of its high mortality. Bronchoscopy with a protected specimen brush (PSB) has been considered the standard method to isolate the causative organisms of VAP. However, this method burdens consumer economically to purchase a PSB. Another useful method for the diagnosis of VAP is quantitative cultures of aspirated specimens through bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), for which the infusion of more than 120 m1 of saline has been recommended for adequate sampling of a pulmonary segment. However, occasionally it leads to deterioration of the patient's condition. We studied the diagnostic efficacy of minibronchoalveolar lavage (miniBAL), which retrieves only 25 ml of BAL fluid, in the isolation of causative organisms of VAP. Methods: We included 38 consecutive patients (41 cases) suspected of having VAP on the basis of clinical evidence, who had received antibiotics before the bronchoscopy. The two diagnostic techniques of PSB and miniBAL, which were performed one after another at the same pulmonary segment, 'were compared prospectively. The cut-off values for quantitative cultures to define causative bacteria of VAP were more than $10^3$ colony-forming units (cfu)/ml for PSB and more than $10^4$ cfu/ml for BAL. Results: The amount of instilled normal saline required to retrieve 25 ml of BAL fluid was $93{\pm}32 ml$ (mean${\pm}$SD). The detection rate of causative agents was 46.3% (19/41) with PSB and 43.9% (18/41) with miniBAL. The concordance rate of PSB and miniBAL in the bacterial culture was 85.4% (35/41). Although arterial blood oxygen saturation dropped significantly (p<0.05) during ($92{\pm}10%$) and 10 min after ($95{\pm}3%$) miniBAL compared with the baseline ($97{\pm}3%$), all except 3 cases were within normal ranges. The significantly elevated heart rate during ($l25{\pm}24$/min, p<0.05) miniBAL compared with the baseline ($1l1{\pm}22$/min) recovered again in 10 min after ($111{\pm}26$/min) miniBAL. Transient hypotension was developed during the procedure in two cases. The procedure was stopped in one case due to atrial flutter. Conclusion: MiniBAL is a safe and effective technique to detect the causative organisms of VAP.