• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2014

Several studies have been carried out on the source contribution of the particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) over Seoul by using the Chemical Mass Balance Model (CMB)(Lee and Kim, 2007; Kim et al., 2013). To confirm the validity of the modeling results, the modified model employing a photochemical loss rate along with varying residence times and the standard model that considers no loss were compared. It was found that by considering the photochemical loss rate, a better performance was obtained as compared to those obtained from the standard model in the CMB calculation. The modified model estimated higher contributions from coke oven, transportation, and biomass burning by 4 to 8%. However, the order of the relative importance of major sources was not changed, coke oven followed by transportation and biomass burning. Thus, it was concluded that the standard CMB model results are reliable for identifying the relative importance of major sources.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.371-381
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• 2014

The bioaccumulation of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to sediments artificially contaminated by Iranian Heavy Crude Oil was measured and the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) was estimated through laboratory experiments. The proportion of 16 PAHs accumulated in the tissue of R. philippinarum was only from 3 to 7% of total PAHs. Among 16 PAHs, the concentration of naphthalene was highest in the tissue. Alkylated PAHs were highly accumulated more than 93% of total PAHs. The C3 dibenzothiophene was most highly accumulated. The relative composition of alkylated naphthalenes in the tissue of R. philippinarum was lower than in the sediments. In contrast, those of alkylated compounds of fluorenes, phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes were higher in the tissue than the sediments. The BSAF for sum of 16 PAHs was 0.11 to 0.13 g carbon/g lipid and that for alkylated PAHs was 0.05 to 0.06 g carbon/g lipid. Naphthalene showed the highest BSAF value. Alkylated PAHs with the same parent compound, BSAF tended to increase with the number of alkylated branch increased, except for alkylated chrysenes. BSAF of total PAHs lies between that of field-based values, and are also similar to those of other persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, DDTs, HCHs). This study provides the BSAF values of individual alkylated PAHs accumulated in R. philippinarum for the first time and will be used as a basis for further understanding the bioaccumulation of organic contaminants in the marine benthic organisms.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.321-331
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• 1998

The separation and sample extraction methods of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and some extraction methods involved liquid-liquid extraction, disk extraction and solid-phase extraction methods. The separation of 19 PAHs was possible by partial variation of oven temperature of GC/MS in temperature range $80{\sim}310^{\circ}C$. Extraction procedures of PAHs in water samples were somewhat modified and compared as extraction recoveries and the simplicity of methods. Extraction recoveries of PAHs were 71.3~109.5% by liquid-liquid extraction method. By using disk extraction, good extraction recoveries (80.7~94.9%) were obtained in case of $C_{18}$ disk extraction method by filtration. And extraction recoveries of PAHs by $C_{18}$ solid-phase were in the range of 51.8~77.9%. Method detection limits (S/N=5) of 19 PAHs were in the range of 0.25~6.25 ppb by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction and 0.05~1.25 ppb by disk extraction methods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.362-368
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• 2009

Roasting may lead to the formation of undesired compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, green coffee beans were roasted under controlled conditions and the formation of PAHs during the roasting process was monitored. Roasting was performed in a hot air roaster, with an inlet air temperature varying from 150 to $250^{\circ}C$ for 5, 10, and 20 min. The PAH content of the roasted coffee was then evaluated by HPLC-FLD. The levels of total PAHs in Arabica (Colombia, Brazil) and Robusta (India) coffee samples were 1.26-215.07, 1.85-178.14, and 0.18-2.61 ${\mu}g$/kg, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2006

Atmospheric bulk (wet and dry) samples were monthly collected in Masan and Heangam areas of Korea, to assess the deposition flux and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deposition fluxes of PAHs in bulk samples were determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer detector (GC/MSD). Particle deposition fluxes from Masan and Haengam areas varied from 13 to $87\;g/m^2/year$ and from 5 to $52\;g/m^2/year$, respectively. PAHs deposition fluxes in atmospheric bulk samples in Masan and Haengam areas ranged from 135 to $464\;{\mu}g/m^2/year$ and from 62.2 to $194\;{\mu}g/m^2/year$, respectively. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of particles and PAHs in this study were comparable to or slightly lower values than those from different locations in Korea and other countries. PAHs profiles of atmospheric deposition bulk samples showed slightly different from two sampling areas, however the predominant species of PAHs were similar. Indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, phenanthrene compounds were the most detected PAHs in deposition bulk samples. Carcinogenic PAHs occupied the contribution of approximately $30-40\%$ of the total PAHs deposition fluxes. The non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used, to assess the differentiation of PAHs source between two sampling areas. The result suggests that PAHs contamination sources were different according to the location and season surveyed. There was no an apparent relationship between the PAHs deposition flux against temperature and rainfall amount, even though summer season with the highest temperature and the largest amount of precipitation showed the lowest PAHs deposition flux. Benzo(e)pyrene/benzo(a)pyrene ratio indicated that the photo-degradation process was one of important factors to the seasonal variation of PAHs with the lower deposition fluxes.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.23-29
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• 2003

Setschenow constants of six alkali and alkaline earth metal-based electrolytes (i.e., NaCl, KCl, CaCl$_2$, K$_2$SO$_4$, Na$_2$SO$_4$, NaClO$_4$) for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e., naphthalene, pyrene, and perylene) were investigated to evaluate the influence of a variety of inorganic salts on the aqueous solubility of PAHs. Inorganic salts showed a wide range of K$\_$s/ values (L/mol), ranging from 0.1108 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.6680 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for naphthalene, 0.1071 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.7355 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for pyrene, and 0.1526 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.8136 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for perylene. In general, the salting out effect of metal cations decreased in the order of Ca$\^$2+/>Na$\^$+/>K$\^$+/. The effect of SO$_4$$\^$2-/>Cl$\^$-/>ClO4$\^$-/ was observed for anions of inorganic salts. The K$\_$s/ values decreased in the order of perylene>pyrene>naphthalene for K$_2$SO$_4$. However, the order of decreasing salting out effect for NaCl, KCl, CaCl$_2$, and NaClO$_4$ was perylene>naphthalene>pyrene. Hydration free energy of the 1:1 and 2:1 alkali and alkaline earth metal-based inorganic salts solution was observed to have a meaningful correlation with Setschenow constants. Thermodynamic interactions between PAH molecules and salt solution can be of importance in determining the magnitude of salting out effect for PAHs at a given salt solution.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.675-688
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• 2020

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are dangerous chemical compounds that can be formed by cooking foods at high temperatures. The aim of this study is to determine the level of contamination of PAH compounds with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on heat treated meat samples and the consumption of PAH compounds in meat samples, as well as the dietary exposure status and possible health risk estimation. In five different heat treated meat samples (meat doner, chicken doner, meatballs, grilled chicken, and fish), the total PAH (Σ16PAH) contamination level was 6.08, 4.42, 4.45, 4.91, and 7.26 ㎍/kg, respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in meatballs and grilled fish samples had a level 0.70 and 0.73 ㎍/kg. All of the samples analyzed were found to be below the EU permitted limit (5 ㎍/kg) in terms of BaP. Estimates of daily intake (EDI) for a total of 16PAH in heat treated meat doner, chicken doner, meatballs, grilled chicken and fish samples were 3.41, 3.71, 2.49, 4.12, and 1.77 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. In this study, the average margin of exposure (MOE) value calculated was found in the range of 179.487 and 425.000 for BaP and PAH4. This study is the first study to provide important information in terms of evaluating the possible health risk that PAH compounds can create in people's diets due to heat treatment of meat and meat products in Sivas, Turkey.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.1 s.52
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• pp.57-69
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• 2006

Lately human exposure to fine particles smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$ in aerodynamic diameter ($PM_{2.5}$) has become a great concern in Korea due to their possible cause of elevated mortality, lung function decrements, and more frequent hospital admissions for asthma. This study was conducted to investigate seasonal variations of human exposure to residential $PM_{2.5}$ and particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ten homes in Chuncheon, Korea were visited for continuous 72 hour sampling of $PM_{2.5}$ in the living rooms using a MiniVol Portable Sampler from December 22, 2002 to November 3, 2003. During the same period, outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected on the top of the Natural Sciences Building of Kangwon National University which is located in the middle of the ten households. Samples were analyzed for $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentrations and six selected PAHs. In two smoking homes, the highest $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were measured ranging from 51.1 to 69.7 {\mu}g/m^3$ on average in all seasons, indicating smoking is a very important contributor to the elevation of indoor particle concentrations. Seasonal comparison showed that indoor particle concentrations were higher than outdoor ones except winter. Total PAH concentrations in smoking homes were highest in winter among the seasons primarily due to low ventilation rate, followed by the outdoor site and nonsmoking homes. BaP toxic equivalents (TEQs) were calculated for five PAHs. The TEQ for smoking homes in winter was highest followed by the outdoor site in winter. It is concluded that smoking and ventilation rate are two important contributors to the elevation of indoor $PM_{2.5}$ and PAH concentrations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.690-696
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• 2005

The characteristics of hydrospheric concentration and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Lake of Sihwa were investigated on this study. Sediment and Surface water samples were collected from upstream and downstream in Lake of Sihwa. The total PAHs concentrations of surface water were $21.9{\sim}49.6\;ng/L$ at upstream and $19.4{\sim}99.7\;ng/L$ at downstream, respectively. Most of the PAHs existed in the dissolved phase with average 87%. In the case of sediment samples, total PAHs concentrations were $51.7{\sim}325\;ng/g-dry$ at upstream and $13.4{\sim}72.3\;ng/g-dry$ at downstream, respectively. Low-and-middle molecular weight of PAHs were dominated in dissolved phase of the surface water, while middle-and-high molecular weight compounds were predominantly present in the particular phase of the surface water and sediment. The average slope obtained from the plots of log-log scaled dissolved/solid partition coefficient vs. octanol/water partition coefficient was $0.73{\pm}0.12$ and the slope from the water/sediment partition coefficient was $0.59{\pm}0.10$. These results indicated that distribution of PAHs between the dissolved phase and the solid phase was not at equilibrium as well as between water and sediment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.131-132
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• 1999

PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)는 연료나 폐기물의 불완전 연소의 부산물로써 얻어지는데, 이런 PAHs 중의 많은 물질이 인체에 해로운 유해성 물질로 규제되고 있다. 특히, Benzo(a)pyrene은 발암성 물질로 잘 알려진 PAHs 화합물이다. PAHs의 이러한 독극성 또는 유해성으로 인하여 최근 이들 물질에 대한 대기중 거동과 침착특성에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다.(중략)