• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2017

The recent gradual increase in the energy demand is mostly met by fossil fuel, but the research on and development of new alternative energy sources is drawing much attention due to the limited fossil fuel supply and the greenhouse gas problem. This paper assesses the feasibility of producing fuel energy from a dewatered sewage sludge by microwave-induced pyrolysis with sludge char and graphite receptor. Both receptors produced gas, char, and tar in order from product amount. The gas produced for the sludge char receptor contained mainly hydrogen and methane with a small amount of light hydrocarbons. The graphite receptor generated higher gravimetric tar and generated higher light tar. Through the results, the product gas from the microwave processes of wet sewage sludge might be possible as a fuel energy. But the product gas has to be removed the condensable PAH tars.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2000

Although shipbuilding workers were exposed to a variety of genotoxic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), limited number of studies were conducted to evaluate the biomarkers related to PAH exposure in painting workers in shipbuilding industry. One hundred and thirty three workers including 73 employees using coal tar paints were recruited from a shipbuilding company located in South Korea. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), as internal dose of PAH exposure, were measured by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy after immunoaffinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11. Glutathione S-transferase (GST)M1 and GSTT1 genotypes were assessed by multiplex PCR. Information on demographic characteristics, smoking gabit, diet, job title, use of personal protective equipments were collected by self-administered questionnaire. Urinary 1-OHPG were higher in workers using coal tar paints than in workers using general paints, however, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.20, Mann-Whitney U test). Urinary 1-OHPG levels in smokers were higher than in non-smokers (p<0.05 by Mann-Whitney U test) and there was a significant increase in urinary 1-OHPG levels with the numbers of cigarettes consumed per day (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.28, p=0.02). Genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 did not influence the level of 1-OHPG in study subjects. Multiple regression analysis show that smoking is the only significant predictor for lon-transformed 1-OHPG (overall model R2=0.1). These results suggest that workers using coal tar paints were exposed to significant amount of PAHs and individual difference in xenobiotic metabolism might affect the levels of internal dose of PAHs.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.861-869
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• 2010

The present study aims to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in roadside and residential areas of two Korean metropolitan cities (Seoul and Incheon) and a background area (Seokmolee). This purpose was established by analyzing temporal and spacial concentration distribution of total and 7 individual PAHs, which were extracted from ambient particulate matters, and by utilizing a multivariate statistical method (principal component analysis, PCA) for the qualitative determination of potential PAH sources. Target PAHs included benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DahA), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP). For all surveyed sites, the concentrations of total PAHs were higher in winter season than in other seasons. However, the concentrations of individual PAHs varied with surveyed sites. In both residential and roadside sites of Seoul and Incheon, BbF revealed the highest atmospheric levels. For all 7 target PAHs, the ambient concentrations were higher in Seoul and Incheon than in a background area (Seokmolee). In both residential and roadside areas, the concentrations of 4 target PAHs (BaA, BbF, BkF, DahA) were higher in Incheon than in Seoul. However, both the residential and roadside Chr concentrations were comparable in Seoul and Incheon. In addition, the residential IcdP concentrations were higher in Incheon than in Seoul, whereas the roadside concentrations were higher in Seoul. The roadside and residential BaP concentrations exhibited the reverse result to the IcdP concentrations. An PCA analysis suggested that atmospheric PAHs in both residential and roadside areas would be due to combined effects of several potential sources such as gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles, coal/oil combustion, and waste incineration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1993

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAMs) are ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments. PAHs enter estuarine and nearshore marine environment via several routes such as combustion of fossil fuels, domestic and industrial effluents and oil spills PAHs have been the focus of numerous studies in the world because they owe potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic to aquatic organisms and humans from consuming contaminated food. However, one can hardly find any available data on PAM content in marine organisms in Korea. The present study was carried out in order to determine PAH content in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay, which is located in near urban communities and an industrial complex, and the bay is considered to be a major repositories of PAHs. 16 PAHs were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with uv/vis and fluorescence detectors in oysters: they are naphthalene (NPTHL), acenaphthylene (ANCPL), acenaphthene (ACNPN), fluorene (FLURN), phenanthrene (PKEN), anthracene (ANTHR), fluoranthene (FLRTH), pyrene (PYRf), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHRY), benzo(b)- fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a, h)anthracene (DhA), benzo(g, h, i)peryne (Bghip) and indeno(1, 2, 3, -cd)pyrene (I123cdP). The PAH contents in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay ranged from < 0.1 to 992.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg (mean 69.8 $\pm$ 9.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg). Key words . polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, high performance liquid chromatography, oyster, Chinhae Bay.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.35-48
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• 2023

Objectives We aimed to analyze changes in growth indicators before and after Korean medicine treatment in patients treated at the pediatric department of a hospital. Methods We analyzed the medical records of children and adolescents under 18 years of age who underwent growth assessment between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2022. Results A total of 21 patients were selected for this study. After treatment, there was a significant increase in the height percentile, whereas bone age-chronological age (BA-CA) and predicted adult height (PAH) did not show significant changes. No major adverse reactions were observed during the treatment. Growth reassessment was conducted twice for 10 participants. When comparing the growth indicators between the assessment sessions, the height percentile showed an increasing trend between the initial and the first growth reassessment. However, there were no significant differences between BA-CA and PAH across the different assessment periods. Conclusions There is a need to establish evidence for the efficacy and safety of continuous Korean medicine growth treatment through the long-term observation of growth indicators in patients undergoing treatment for two or more periods, as well as observational studies on liver and renal function indicators.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.574-582
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• 2012

This study presents the concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as priority pollutants by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), in 98 sludges from 54 industrial wastewater treatment facilities of South Korea. The mean concentrations of ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$ were ranged from 32.5 ${\mu}g/kg-dw$ to 1189.3 ${\mu}g/kg-dw$ by industries, and the highest content was found in the petrochemical industry, followed by chemical, clothing manufacturing and dying, pulp and papermaking, secondary wastewater treatment, and food/beverage producing industries. Comparisons to the EU and Danish standards of ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$ in sewage sludge for land application showed only two samples (one from petrochemical, and the other from chemical industry) exceeded the limits. ANOVA test with PAH concentrations as variables revealed no statistically significant influences by industrial types and sampling time (i.e., seasonal variations). Pearson correlations between individual PAHs showed strong relationships (r>0.7) among 4-ring PAHs. Concentrations of acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(f)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene presented strong correlations to ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$. Principal component analysis discriminated entire samples into three groups by two principal components (PC1 and PC2) with 70% of data variations, in which industrial types were not of importance, but a dominance of certain PAHs. Samples in group-I, which is high PC1 and low PC2, were characterized by a dominance of 2-ring PAHs, and in group-II, PC1 and PC2 showed a linear relation, was dominant 4-ring PAHs. Group-III with low PC1 and high PC2 includes 17 samples showing a noticeably high contribution of 3-ring PAHs to ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$. This study provides concentrations of PAHs in industrial sludges collected from a wide variety of sources (six industrial types) and two seasons of sampling events, and the comparison of ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$ with other studies are also discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze genetic mutations, clinical manifestations, and treatment of patients with benign HPA in Korea. Methods: This case series study involved ten HPA patients who were referred to our hospital because of high phenylalanine concentration. We investigated their demographic features, clinical manifestations, and mutations of the PAH gene through direct DNA sequencing. Results: Among ten patients with benign HPA, two pairs of patients were related (father-daughter, mother-daughter relationship) cases, and all of them showed no specific clinical manifestations or notable past history. Their plasma phenylalanine levels ranged between 1.2 and 4.2 mg/dL. In the tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) loading test, all patients were nonresponsive to BH4. In the confirmation test of PAH mutation analysis, we identified eleven different alleles out of twelve. The most common allele was R53H (c.158G> A). In addition, two novel PAH gene mutations, V423A (c.1268T>C) and V51A (c.152T>C), were identified. Although the patients did not receive any pharmacologic treatment or continuous phenylalanine restriction dietary therapy, their neurocognitive development was normal. Moreover, on serial outpatient follow-up tests, all patients maintained phenylalanine levels below 6 mg/dL. Conclusion: This study is the first in Korea to analyze benign HPA patients. All patients with benign HPA could maintain phenylalanine levels below 6 mg/dL with normal neurocognitive development, without continuous therapy. Therefore, performing mutation analysis and distinguishing benign HPA from phenylketonuria (PKU) are important to help improve life quality in patients with benign HPA by avoiding unnecessary lifelong therapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.678-685
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• 2007

Purpose : Recent reports pointed out that gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) therapy alone is not so promising for improving adult height in precocious puberty. So, that we studied the growth promoting effect of combined therapy with GnRHa and growth hormone (GH) in early pubertal girls. Methods : Twenty three early pubertal girls ($9.73{\pm}1.59yr$) with predicted adult heights (PAH) below-2 standard deviation score (SDS) were included. They were divided into two groups as follows; Group I before menarche (n=19) and Group II after menarche (n=4). After combined therapy, various growth parameters were compared between two groups and between the before and after therapy. Results : Between the two groups before therapy, chronologic age (CA), growth velocity (GV), body mass index (BMI), target height (TH), PAH and serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 were not different, but BA, height and difference between bone age (BA) and CA were significantly higher and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was marginally higher in group II. After therapy, BA still remained higher in group II, but other parameters were not different. In both groups, after therapy, the difference between BA and CA, the ratio of BA over CA, and GV were significantly decreased, but PAH, height SDS and BMI were significantly increased. Regarding IGF-1 level, a significant increase was noted in group I, but not in group II. Conclusion : With combined therapy of GnRHa and GH, PAH in early pubertal girls might be improved significantly and even approach TH. Among them, those who were before menarche might have greater potential for the height gain than those after menarche in view of IGF-1 changes during therapy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.716-719
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• 2001

The mobilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil was enhanced by using paraffin oil, which was stabilized by the addition of a surfactant (Brji 30). The ratio of paraffin oil/Brij 30 was determined by measuring the change in the critical micelle concentration. When only surfactant was used, the stabilized paraffin oil emulsion could dissolve more phenanthrene in the water phase. Column experiment showed increased phenanthrene mobilization from the contaminated soil. The phenanthrene mobilized in the paraffine oil/Brij 30 emulsion was biodegraded faster than that in water phase or surfactant solution. This result indicates that a paraffin oil/surfactant system can be effectively used for the removal of PAH from contaminated soil.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.231-234
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• 2012

We present preliminary results of supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) seen by AKARI as well as Spitzer. By examining the AKARI LMC survey and the Spitzer data, we have searched for IR counterparts to 45 known SNRs in the LMC and could identify 28 SNRs with associated IR emission. 13 SNRs among them are newly detected in IR bands. For the entire IR SNRs, we make a catalog containing general information and the AKARI and/or Spitzer fluxes. Using the catalog, their IR colors and the possible correlation of the IR fluxes with the X-ray fluxes are examined. For some interesting SNRs, we have performed NIR spectroscopy with AKARI. An aromatic feature at $3.3{\mu}m$ can be identified in LMC SNR N49. We investigate the characteristics of the IR features and discuss the PAH mission mechanism in SNRs.