• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2015

Objectives This study was designed to compare the effects Gwibi-tang herbal-medication with Danggwisusan herbal-medication for patients with acute cervical and lumbar sprains due to a traffic accident. Methods This study was carried out on 119 acute cervical & lumbar sprain patients by traffic accident. We divided these patients into 2 groups. Group A was treated with Gwibi-tang and Group B was treated with Danggwisusan three times a day for three days. Each patient was treated with acupuncture, physical therapy and two types of herbal-medication. We measured the numerical rating scale (NRS) at two time points : pre-treatment (Tx). and post-Tx. Results 1. The NRS scores significantly decreased after treatment in all patients. 2. The changed NRS scores of nuchal pain showed a borderline significant difference between Group A and Group B (p=0.067). 3. In sub-group analysis, Gwibi-tang showed a greater effect on NRS scores of lumbago pain in female patients (p=0.068) and patients under 30s (p=0.054) compared to Danggwisusan. Conclusions In this study, both types of herbal-medication; Gwibi-tang and Danggwisusan were highly effective on acute cervical and lumbar sprain patients. Especially Gwibi-tang (Group A) was more effective than Danggwisusan (Group B) in reducing the initial nuchal pain. Also Gwibi-tang was more effective for lumbago pain in female and patients under 30s.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2014

Among the P2P based multimedia streaming architecture, multiple chain architecture has advantage in adapting to dynamically changing network topology simply and rapidly, so this architecture is used for UCC broadcasting system. In UCC broadcasting system, general peer involved in DSLAM becomes UCC server rather than broadcasting system that transfers data from ISP servers. Therefore UCC data generated from UCC server peers is transmitted to peers through DSLAM, and this transmission uses uplink bandwidth of DSLAM. In this paper, I propose an efficient management method of DSLAM uplink bandwidths through negotiating tracker and UCC server peer or head peers of DSLAM. I propose the method that tracker restricts a bitrate of uplink stream of UCC servers when used uplink bandwidth of DSLAM exceeds a certain point of maximum uplink bandwidths. I will show the improved performance of proposed scheme rather than general method with respect to the uplink bandwidth of DSLAM by numerical analysis and simulation.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2013년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.187-188
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• 2013

비트토렌트는 인터넷을 통해 빠르고 효율적으로 파일을 공유할 수 있는 P2P (Peer-to-Peer) 파일전송 프로토콜이다. 파일을 P2P 네트워크 상에 분산하여 저장하고 서로 다른 환경의 피어들이 각자의 필요에 따라 쉽게 네트워크를 떠날 수 있기 때문에, 비트토렌트 네트워크는 매우 복잡하고 동적인 구조를 가진다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 네트워크 구조, 특히 피어들 간의 링크생성과 분리를 예측하여 비트토렌트 파일공유 시스템의 성능을 향상시키고자 하는 방향을 제시한다. 토렌트 크롤러 비트토렌트 네트워크 모니터링 시스템을 사용해 네트워크 부하를 최소화하며 네트워크 트래픽을 분석하고, 관찰된 네트워크 트래픽 특성을 통해 링크를 예측하는 방법을 제안한다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제47권10호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

오늘날 인터넷 및 IP 기술의 발달에 의해 다양한 통신 형태와 응용 서비스가 제공되고 있다. 인터넷 기반 서비스 제공을 위한 기술로 각광을 받고 있는 P2PSIP overlay 기술과 NGN의 진화에서 채용된 IMS 네트워크와의 상호접속을 통해 두 기술의 서비스 영역 확대를 기대할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 P2PSIP overlay와 IMS 네트워크를 상호접속 시켜 서비스의 확장이 가능한 방법에 대해 연구한다. 특히 상호접속 방법으로 가입자 가입 유형별로 적용이 가능한 구조를 나타내고, 세션 설정 시간 관점에서 트래픽 모델과 지연 특성을 분석한다. 그리고 제안 방식의 특성 분석 및 평가를 위해 시뮬레이션 모델을 통해 세션 설정지연 시간을 분석하고, 가입자 가입 유형별 적절한 상호접속 방법을 제시한다. 그 결과 P2PSIP overlay 전용 가입자인 경우는 gateway AS를 통해 IMS에 접속하는 구조 그리고 P2PSIP overlay와 IMS 네트워크에 동시 가입한 경우는 I-CSCF을 통해 접속하는 구조가 세션 설정 지연 특성 관점에서 가장 우수함을 분명히 한다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제25권1A호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 CATV/LAN 전송망에서 우선권 문제에 주안을 두어서 해석한다. CATV/LAN 전송망에서 주요 해석의 대상인 상향 채널은 단방향 채널 특성과 단말의 위치에 따라서 우선적으로 접속되는 특성을 발생한다. 그리고, 트래픽(traffic)에 대한 우선권문제(priority)가 대두된다. 이런 공정성 문제와 우선권 문제를 해결하기 위하여 전송할 데이터가 발생하며 Pi확률로 데이터를 전송하는 CSMA-CD/U/P-P(Unslotted prioritized Pi-persistent CSMA-CD)프로토콜을 제안한다. 우선권 문제는 2-Class(high, low)로 가정하였다. 성능해석과 시뮬레이션 결과 우선권 문제가 주어진 환경하에서의 2개의 시나리오(scenario)를 가정하여 데이터전송 확률값인 Pi를 구하였으며, 전송망의 공정성이 이루어 졌을 때 평균 지연 시간을 비교하였다. 또한, 지연시간의 분산값을 구하였으며 버퍼큐(buffer queue)에서의 큐길이(queue length) 분포도 구하였다. 특히 헤드엔드 시스템에 가까운 단말이 포함될수록 평균 지연 시간이 길어지는 특징을 나타내고 있다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2017

The advent of wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) technology has improved the intelligence of transportation systems and enabled generic traffic problems to be solved automatically. Based on the IEEE 802.11p standard for vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communications, WAVE provides wireless links with latencies less than 100 ms to vehicles operating at speeds up to 200 km/h. To date, most research has been based on field test results. In contrast, this paper presents a numerical analysis of the V2X broadcast throughput limit using a path loss model. First, the maximum throughput and minimum delay limit were obtained from the MAC frame format of IEEE 802.11p. Second, the packet error probability was derived for additive white Gaussian noise and fading channel conditions. Finally, the maximum throughput limit of the system was derived from the packet error rate using a two-ray path loss model for a typical highway topology. The throughput was analyzed for each data rate, which allowed the performance at the different data rates to be compared. The analysis method can be easily applied to different topologies by substituting an appropriate target path loss model.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.45-63
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• 2001

The objective of this study is to give basic materials for selection and improvement of contents of safety education, which is substantially helpful to elementary students, by analysis of contents of safety education in some subjects and assessment of the needs of elementary students for safety education. For this purpose, this study was analyzed the contents of safety education in five subjects for elementary school and conducted the survey of 883 students in some elementary schools in Seoul from April 7 to 22, 2000. The results were as follows; 1. As a result of analysis of the proportion of contents regarding safety-related education in some subjects, Physical Education occupied the highest proportion (14.09％), and that was followed by Practical Subject (9.55％) and Moral Education (9.34％). However, the proportions in Social Study and Natural Science were very low, 1.85％ and 1.31％ each. In total lines of these five subjects, the numbers of line regarding safety education was contained by 5.78％. 2. Analyzing the proportion of domains of safety education in five textbooks, the Meaning of Safety and Basic Principles occupied the highest portion (29.5％), and that was followed by the Home Safety (24.0％), the Safety in School (17.1％), and the Play and Leisure Safety (14.0％). The Coping with Accidents and First Aid, the Safety from Fire and Explosion, and the Traffic Safety occupied relatively low portion, 6.9％, 5.7％, and 2.8％ each. 3. As a result of analysis of the proportion of the safety education domain in each subject, the Meaning of Safety and Basic Principles occupied the highest portion (23.6％) in Moral Education, the Home Safety (12.7％) in Practical Subject, and the Play and Leisure Safety (10.9％) in Physical Education. 4. Most of the participants in this survey experienced the Home Accidents (71.1％). And also, they experienced the Play and Leisure Accidents (57.9％), the Accidents in School (49.7％), the Traffic Accidents (45.3％), and the Fire and Explosion Accidents (24.7％) in order. 5. In the average proportion of the needs of participants for safety education in each domain, the Coping with Accidents and First Aid has the highest point (4.05). And, that was followed by the Home safety (3.79), the Safety from Fire and Explosion (3.73), the Meaning of Safety and Basic Principles (3.65), the Play and Leisure Safety (3.50), the Safety in School (3.37), and the Traffic Safety (3.35). The average proportion of the needs for safety education of total domains was 3.66. 6. In the needs for safety education regarding the feature of participants, it showed higher scores in female students than male ones (p〈0.001), in lower grader than higher grader (p〈0.05), and in the students born to wealth than those born poor (p〈0.05). Also, the children who recognize the necessity of safety education showed higher scores of the needs for safety education (p〈0.001). And it also showed the same results of high score to the children whose parents did the safety education (p〈0.00l) and to the children and their parents who have the higher degree of practicing safety (p〈0.001), and these differences were statistically significant. 7. In the extent of preference for methods of safety education, it showed high score to the Field Learning, followed by the Audio- Visual Education, the Discussion, and the Instruction of teacher. In the extent of preference for subjects regarding the contents of safety education by each domain, it showed high score to the subject of Safety for 4 domains - the Meaning of Safety and Basic Principles, the Traffic Safety, the Safety from Fire and Explosion, and the Coping with Accidents and First Aid. And also, they preferred Moral Education for 2 domains - the Home safety and the Safety in School, and Physical Education for a domain of the Play and Leisure Safety. 8. While 27 of 36 detail items was contained the contents of safety education, the proportion of needs of participants for safety education showed more than average 3.00 score in 34 of 36 detail items. However, none of 9 detail items was included in five textbooks. Also, 2 detail items - the Coping with Disasters and the Safety from Poisoning - were included together 2 parts; One part had the higher ranked 7 items acquired by analysis of the needs, and the other had the higher ranked 7 items acquired by analysis of the contents. But, except those 2 items, none of items were matched with each part.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2019

클라우드 컴퓨팅은 운영자들로 하여금 하드웨어 구매와 유지 부담을 경감시키므로 대규모 멀티플레이어 온라인 게임(MMOG)을 위한 적절한 해결책이 되었다. P2P 기반 해결책은 고유의 규모조정성, 자체 복구기능, 자연적인 부하 분산 능력 등 여러 장점을 가지고 있다. 상이한 두 패러다임 P2P와 클라우드 컴퓨팅의 기술적 장점들을 병합하며 MMOG를 위한 하이브리드 구조가 이 논문에서 제시된다. 효율적이고 효과적인 자원의 공급과 부하의 조절은 대규모 사용자 집단에 대한 경제적 비용과 서비스 품질의 규모를 고려하는 구조 실현에 필수적이다. 동시에 실행되는 사용자 수가 증가할 때 하이브리드 구조는 사용자의 처리 능력을 활용함으로써 클라우드에 있는 서버의 부하 즉 상당한 규모의 컴퓨팅 능력과 통신량을 절감할 수 있다. MMOG에서는 서버의 시간 외에도 대역폭 비용이 요구형 자원의 임차시 주요 지출 요인이 된다. 시뮬레이션 결과 제시된 하이브리드 구조는 클라우드와 사용자 제공 자원의 양을 제어함으로써 플레이어들의 충분한 대역폭을 활용하는 반면 서버의 대역폭을 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.123-149
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• 1991

This study has been attempted to be helpful for the back rehabilization of Korean workers by analyzing the general, occupational, social aspects of low back pain and to identify possible risk factors for back pain in White and Blue collar workers. The primary data were collected from 380 workers in Seoul city by means of a Questionnaire with random which was distributed from March 10 to 31, 1990. For the test of statistical significance, chi-square analysis was used to compare the back pain characteristics between above two groups. The results were as follows : 1. The incidence of low back pain in all walkers studied was $79.7\%$. The incidence of Blue collar with low back pain $(87.2\%)$ was higher than that of White collars $(75.0\%)$. 2. With regard to the relationship of back pain to the occupational characteristics, statistically significant differences were observed between workers with and without back pain concerning the job factors on work-time, job satisfaction, mental stress, chair fittness, work posture, work rotation, weight lifting, monotonous repetitive movements, vibration, and heavy noise (p<0.05). 3. With regard to the relationship of back pain to the social characteristics, there were no differences with respect to having car, personality types, drinking habits, and leisure-time activities. However, significant differences were showed between no pain and pain groups for the using bed, sleeping posture, traffic time amount, walking health state, smoking habits, and physical exercise (p<0.05). 4. The comparative analysis of back pain related to work factors showed highly significant differences with respect to mental stress, chair fittness, work posture, trunk rotation, weight lifting, monotonous repetitive work in White collar group (p<0.01) ; and job satisfaction, mental stress, trunk rotation, weight lifting, monotonus repetitive work, exposure to vibration and heavy noise in Blue collar group(p<0.01). 5. The comparative analysis of social factors in two groups showed differences with respect to the using bed, sleeping posture, walking amount, health state, physical exercise, smoking habits in White cellar group (p<0.05) ; and walking amount, traffic time amount, health state, smoking habits, physical exercise in Blue cellar group (p<0.05). 6. In regard to the general aspects of back pain between two groups, there were differences concerning etiolgy of back pain, counselling partners, treatment types, and sick-leaves(p<0.05), except pain duration, and awareness of back pain.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.204-214
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• 2014

Objectives: Vehicular emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in urban areas. Correlation analysis was conducted between air pollutants and traffic volume in order to identify causes of air pollution in Gwangju. Methods: Using traffic volumes and air quality monitoring data from 2002 to 2012 from nine stations (seven urban areas, two roadside areas), especially at three sites where traffic volumes were high, the correlation coefficients were obtained between air pollutants as PM-10 (particulate matter), $NO_2$, $SO_2$, CO and $O_3$ at the stations and traffic volumes near the air monitoring stations. Results: Due to traffic volume and distance between the station and the traffic road, concentrations of pollutants at roadside areas were higher than at urban areas, with the exception of $O_3$. The concentration of $O_3$ showed statistically significance with those of other gas materials as $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and CO in winter (p<0.001) and spring (p<0.05). During the period of October 7 to 20, 2012, excluding periods of yellow dust, smog and rainy season, the ratio of $NO/(NO+NO_2)$ showed the highest value 0.57 and 0.40 at Unam and Chipyeong of two roadside stations, followed by 0.35 at Nongseong with vehicular effects. The correlation coefficient between traffic volume and $O_3$, CO, $NO_2$ became higher when the data on mist and haze days were excluded, than when all hourly data were used in that period, at the three sites of Unam, Chipyeong, and Nongseong. Conclusions: Air quality showed a considerable effect from vehicles at roadside areas compared to in urban areas. Air pollutant diminishment strategies need to be aggressively adopted in order to protect atmospheric environment.