• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2000

Purpose : This study aims to find out the quality of life of patients admitted to the hospice unit at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, at admission and after weeks hospice service and to assess the effects of hospice service on the quality of life of terminal cancer patients. Methods : This study subjects were 100 patients admitted to the hospice unit at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University between October 1999 and March 2000, and their primary caregivers. Quality of life data were collected using a questionnaire revised by the authors and were analyzed by means of repeated measures ANOVA. Results : 1) Patient's quality of life as perceived by the primary caregiver was significantly improved and the mean score was 3.31, 3.68, 3.56, 3.73, 3.75 at admission and week 1, 2, 3, 4. With the detailed item analysis, the following items were shown to be significantly improved: "clean bodies"(F=6.50, P=0.0001) "pain control"(F=18.01, P=0.0001) constipate"(F=2.96, P=0.0237) "sleep"(F=3.99, P=0.0048) "nausea/vomiting"(F=4.50, P=0.0022) "medical team's comfortable care" (F=3.95, P=0.0051) "family's care"(F=2.76, P=0.0317) "anxiety" (F=3.14, P=0.0177) "comfort"(F=3.63, P=0.0085) "treat with dignity"(F=3.32, P=0.0136). The item of "death is not the end of life rather the beginning" was significantly decreased(F=2.54, P=0.0450). 2) Patient's quality of life as perceived by the patient showed an improvement but statistically insignificant and the mean score was 3.63 and 3.83 at admission and week 1. With the detailed item analysis, the item of "pain control" was shown to be significantly improved(F=9.19, P=0.0251). 3) The quality of score in the last week of life of patient were 3.48, 3.51, 3.44, 3.46, 3.50, respectively, from 5 week prior to 1 week prior to death and these changes were insignificant. Conclusion : The findings of this study showed a positive effect of hospice service on quality of life of the terminal cancer patients admitted to the hospice unit. To improve the quality of life, we need first of all to develop hospice interventions with a particular emphasis on the spiritual aspect of patient. Secondly, measurement instruments need to be developed to collect the quality of life of the hospice patients who become weakened especially in the last weeks of their life and with this effort more representative data of hospice patients may be collected.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.189-196
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• 2012

This paper proposes Swap algorithm for solving Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED) problem. The proposed algorithm initially balances total load demand $P_d$ with total generation ${\Sigma}P_i$ by deactivating a generator with the highest unit generation cost $C_i^{max}/P_i^{max}$. It then swaps generation level $P_i=P_i{\pm}{\Delta}$, (${\Delta}$=1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001) for $P_i=P_i-{\Delta}$, $P_j=P_j+{\Delta}$ provided that $_{max}[F(P_i)-F(P_i-{\Delta})]$ > $_{min}[F(P_j+{\Delta})-F(P_j)]$, $i{\neq}j$. This new algorithm is applied and tested to the experimental data of Dynamic Economic Dispatch problem, demonstrating a considerable reduction in the prevalent heuristic algorithm's optimal generation cost and in the maximization of economic profit.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.479-488
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between self reported climacteric symptoms, and depression, and the quality of life in middle aged women. Method: The subjects of this study were 149 women from 40 to 64 years of age. Climacteric symptoms were measured with Neugarton's tool(1965) and depression with Zung's tool. Quality of life was related to self reported climacteric symptoms were education level (F=3.011, p=.035), income measured by Rho's tool(1988). Result: The general characteristic variables significantly level (F=2.670, p=.057), income satisfaction (F=3.413. p=.011), perceived subjective health condition(F=28.623, p=.000). The general characteristic variables significantly related to depression were age(t=-2.476, p=.014), education level (F=4.492, p.013). income satisfaction (F=2.845, p.026), perceived subjective health condition (F = 8.468, p=.000). The general characteristics variables significantly related to quality of life were income level (F= 5.010, p=.000), income satisfaction (F=6.314, p=.000), perceived subjective health condition (F=3.516, p<=.032). menstruation cycles(t=-2.66, p=.023). The relationship between self reported climacteric symptoms and depression had a statistically a positive correlation (r=.357, p=.000). The relationship between depression and quality of life had a statistically with a negative correlation(r=-.397, p=.000). Conclusion: These results may contribute to a better understanding of depression and quality of life in middle aged women. Therefore, health programs for prompting climacteric women´s health should be a planned based on results of the study.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.315-327
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• 2001

This was a descriptive study clarifying the factors affecting family caregivers' sense of well-being. This study was conducted with 131 caregivers using structured self-reporting questionnaires and directly interviewing adult patients who had been under treatment in two general hospitals. The hospitals were located in M city from Aug. 10, 2000 until Sep. 2, 2000. The collected data were analyzed using SAS PC+ program, and the data were tested using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The results of this study are as follows; 1) The variables affecting the caregivers' sense of burden were age (F=3.76, p=.0063), education level (F=4.67, p=.0015), monthly income (F=2.49, p=.0466), amount of assistance provided (F=4.19, p=.0037), and the relationship with patient before disease (F=9.49, p=.0001). 2) The variables affecting caregivers' sense of well-being were age (F=9.54, p=.0001), residing with patient (t=11.38, p=.0010), the period of caregiving (F=10.52, p= .0001), education level (F= 2.79, p=.0290), monthly income (F=3.04, p=.0196), and relationship with patient before disease (F= 10.51, p=.0001). Also, all of the variables which showed statistical significance. 3) In viewing the relationship between activities of daily living (ADL) and the senses of burden and well-being, a negative relation- ship between activities of daily living (ADL) and a sense of burden was found (r=-.640, p=.000). However, the relationship between activities of daily living (ADL) and a sense of well-being had a positive correlation (r= .232, p=.008). Also the relationship between the sense of burden and the sense of well-being was revealed to have a negative correlation (r=-.614, p=.000). 4) A sense of burden was the most important indicator to the well-being of the caregivers who took care of stroke patients (R2 =.36). In addition to this, living with the patient (45%), activities of daily living (51%), relationship with patient before disease (53%), and the family's monthly income accounted for 56% of the sense of well-being of the caregivers.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.468-478
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of education programs for unmarried mothers. Method: From a group of unmarried mothers using social welfare facilities, 201 participated in this study. The study was done from October 2003 to April 2004 and self-efficacy, self-esteem, sexual knowledge, sexual attitude were measured. Results: 1. On the basis of 100 points, self-efficacy averaged 62.76, self-esteem, 60.96, sexual knowledge, 58.75 and sexual attitude, 71.52. 2. According to the general characteristics of the women, there were significant differences in self-efficacy according to age (F=4.237, p=.006), schooling (F=5.071, p=.007), job prior to pregnancy (F=4.341, p=.002), and family income (F=6.183, p=.002). There was a significant difference in self-esteem according to family income (F=4.243, p=.016). There were significant differences in sexual knowledge according to age (F=3.950, p=.009), schooling (F=14.869, p=.000), family income (F=9.304, p=.001), number of pregnancies (t=-2.532, p=.012), and experience of abortion (t=2.775, p=.006), and, in sexual attitude according to schooling (F=7.356, p=.001) and family income (F=7.647, p=.001). 3. There were significant relationships between self-efficacy and self-esteem (r=.598, p=.000), and between sexual knowledge and sexual attitude (r=.569, p=.000). Conclusion: Pregnancy prevention programs should include sexual education and interventions designed to increase self-efficacy and self-esteem.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.147-156
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• 2020

The functional equation related to a distance measure f(pr, qs) + f(ps, qr) = M(r, s)f(p, q) + M(p, q)f(r, s) can be generalized a sum form functional equation as follows $${\frac{1}{n}}{\sum\limits_{i=0}^{n-1}}f(P{\cdot}{\sigma}_i(Q))=M(Q)f(P)+M(P)f(Q)$$ where f, g is information measures, P and Q are the set of n-array discrete measure, and σ_i is a permutation for each i = 0, 1, ⋯, n-1. In this paper, we obtain the hyperstability of the above type functional equation.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.1249-1268
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• 2011

For imaginary quadratic number fields F = $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{{\varepsilon}p_1{\ldots}p_{t-1}})$, where ${\varepsilon}{\in}${-1,-2} and distinct primes $p_i{\equiv}1$ mod 4, we give condition of 8-ranks of class groups C(F) of F equal to 1 or 2 provided that 4-ranks of C(F) are at most equal to 2. Especially for F = $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{{\varepsilon}p_1p_2)$, we compute densities of 8-ranks of C(F) equal to 1 or 2 in all such imaginary quadratic fields F. The results are stated in terms of congruence relation of $p_i$ modulo $2^n$, the quartic residue symbol $(\frac{p_1}{p_2})4$ and binary quadratic forms such as $p_2^{h+(2_{p_1})/4}=x^2-2p_1y^2$, where $h+(2p_1)$ is the narrow class number of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2p_1})$. The results are also very useful for numerical computations.

• Journal of Applied and Pure Mathematics
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• v.5 no.1_2
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• pp.41-53
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• 2023

Let G = (V, E) be a (p, q) graph. Define $${\rho}=\{{\frac{2}{p}},\;{\text{{\qquad} if p is even}}\\{\frac{2}{p-1}},\;{{\text{if p is odd}}$$ and L = {±1, ±2, ±3, … , ±ρ} called the set of labels. Consider a mapping f : V ⟶ L by assigning different labels in L to the different elements of V when p is even and different labels in L to p-1 elements of V and repeating a label for the remaining one vertex when p is odd.The labeling as defined above is said to be a pair difference cordial labeling if for each edge uv of G there exists a labeling |f(u) - f(v)| such that ${\mid}{\Delta}_{f_1}-{\Delta}_{f^c_1}{\mid}{\leq}1$, where ${\Delta}_{f_1}$ and ${\Delta}_{f^c_1}$ respectively denote the number of edges labeled with 1 and number of edges not labeled with 1. A graph G for which there exists a pair difference cordial labeling is called a pair difference cordial graph. In this paper we investigate pair difference cordial labeling behaviour of Petersen graphs P(n, k) like P(n, 2), P(n, 3), P(n, 4).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.598-609
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine effects of a dietary program based on self-efficacy theory on dietary adherence, physical status and quality of life (QoL) in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pre-post test design was used. The intervention group received the dietary program for 8 weeks from August 4 to September 26, 2014. The control group received only usual care. Results: ANCOVA showed that dietary adherence (F=64.75, p <.001) was significantly different between the two groups. Serum albumin (F=12.13, p =.001), interdialytic weight gain (F=56.97, p <.001), calories (F=15.80, p <.001) as physical status indices were significantly different, but serum potassium (F=2.69, p =.106) and serum phosphorus (F=1.08, p =.303) showed no significant difference between the two groups. In terms of health-related QoL, the physical component scale (F=10.05, p =.002) and the mental component scale (F=16.66, p <.001) were significantly different between the two groups. In addition, in terms of diet related QoL, diet level (F=35.33, p <.001) and satisfaction level (F=15.57, p <.001) were significantly different between the two groups, but dietary impact level (F=1.23, p =.271) was not significantly different. Conclusion: Findings show that the dietary program based on self-efficacy theory is an effective nursing intervention program to improve adherence to diet, and to maintain physical status and QoL for hemodialysis patients.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.81-95
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the effects of a group cognitive improvement program on cognitive function, depression and self-esteem in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: This was an experimental study that employed a pre-post design of a non-equivalence control group. The subjects were 52 elderly people with mild cognitive impairment, 25 of whom were assigned to the experimental group and 27 to the control group. The program was conducted for a total of 12 sessions for 60 minutes each. Data were analyzed using the ${\chi}2-test$, Fisher's exact test, and Independent t-test with the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: After the intervention, the group who participated showed improvement in all areas of cognitive function based on MMSE-KC (F=26.37, p.<0.001), the Rey Complex Figure Test: copy (F=20.66, p.<0.001), Immediate memory of Seoul Verbal Learning Test-Elderly's version (F=29.68, p.<0.001), delayed memory (F=45.79 p.<0.001), memory recall (F=28.97, p.<0.001), Forward of Digit Span Test (F=9.25, p=.004), backward (F=8.33, p.=0.006), language comprehension (F=13.42, p.<0.001), and digit symbol coding (F=17.74, p.<0.001) relative to the control group. Moreover depression (F=24.09, p.<0.001) was decreased in program participants, whereas self-esteem (F=40.24, p.<0.001) was increased. Conclusion: The program could be a useful intervention because the results show that the group cognitive improvement program has a significant effect on cognitive function, depression and self-esteem in elderly with mild cognitive impairment.