• 한국균학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.276-281
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• 2014

냉장 저장 중에 있는 청도반시로부터 서로 다른 모양을 나타내는 곰팡이 7 균주를 분리하였다. 분리한 곰팡이를 형태적 특성과 분자적 특성에 근거하여 동정한 결과 이들은 Botrytis cinerea Pers. (4 균주), Penicillium expansum Link (2 균주), Rhizopus delemar (Boidin) Wehmer & Han-zawa (1 균주)로 동정되었다. 이들 중에서는 B. cinerea와 P. expansum이 빈번하게 관찰되었고 R. delemar는 낮은 빈도로 발생하였다. P. expansum과 R. delamar는 국내의 감에서 아직 보고되지 않은 종이기에 본고에서 보고하고자 한다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.20-23
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• 1972

The isolations of fungi were observed, the isolations which were of rotting apples, pears, pine-seeds and dates cultivated in Korea, while they were living upon them. As a result of such observation. Penicillium sp. which rotted apples and pears could be isolated from the apples and pears. When the Penicillium sp. was inoculated into some fresh apples and pears, they were all rotted away. This fungus was identified as Penicillium expansum. Some fresh apples and pears inoculated with a mass of mycelium and conidia of P. janthinellun or some others inoculated with those of P. frequentans were not rotted. Though the P. expansum has been known to us a destructive not of pomaceous fruits, this fungus strain also caused the putrefaction of pears. It was found that P. expansum could be properly grown up at the temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 3~5 of media.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.624-632
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• 2017

Penicillium expansum causes blue mold rot, a prevalent postharvest disease of pome fruit, and is also the main producer of the patulin. However, knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in this pathogen-host interaction remains largely unknown. In this work, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomic approach was applied to probe changes in P. expansum 3.3703 cultivated in apple juice medium, which was used to mimic the in planta condition. The results showed that the pH value and reducing sugar content in the apple juice medium decreased whereas the patulin content increased with the growing of P. expansum. A total of 28 protein spots that were up-regulated in P. expansum when grown in apple juice medium were identified. Functional categorization revealed that the identified proteins were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, secondary metabolism, protein biosynthesis or degradation, and redox homeostasis. Remarkably, several induced proteins, including glucose dehydrogenase, galactose oxidase, and FAD-binding monooxygenase, which might be responsible for the observed medium acidification and patulin production, were also detected. Overall, the experimental results provide a comprehensive interpretation of the physiological and proteomic responses of P. expansum to the host plant environment, and future functional characterization of the identified proteins will deepen our understanding of fungi-host interactions.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2017

Clitoria ternatea or Commonly known blue pea, is a perennial climber crop native to Asian countries. The current study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity C. ternatea extract on food borne microorganisms and its antifungal effect on Penicillium expansum. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against 3 Gram positive bacteria, 2 Gram negative bacteria and 1 filamentous fungus on disc diffusion assay. The extract also showed good biocidal effect on all Gram positive bacteria tested and P. expansum. However, the kill curve analysis revealed that the fungicidal activity of the extract against P. expansum conidia was depend on the concentration of the extract and the time of exposure of the conidia to the extract. The scanning electron micrograph of the extract treated P. expansum culture showed alterations in the morphology of fungal hyphae. The germination of P. expansum conidia was completely inhibited and conidial development was totally suppressed by the extract, suggesting the possible mode of action of anthocyanin. Besides, the extract also exhibited 5.0-log suppression of microbial growth relative to control in the rice model. The results indicate the potential use of the C. ternatea anthocyanin as food biopreservative.

• 식물병연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2002

수확 후 피해를 주는 Penicillium속의 병원체를 분리 동정하기 위하여 여러 특성을 조사하였다. 저장 중 배에서 분리한 198균주는 상처 접종과 무상 접종에서 병반을 형성하여 병원성이 있었으며, 균총 크기와 형태, 색, 배지뒷면 색소와 포자형태 등의 특성에 따라 15개 그룹으로 나눌 수 있었다. 분리한 균주들은 배양·형태적·생리적 특성에 따라 P. expansum, P. solitum, P. crustosum 등 3종으로 동정되었다. 분리된 균주들의 병원성 검정 결과 저온에서 상처접종이 무상접종 보다 병원성이 강하게 나타났으며 P. expansum이 저장 배 과실에 대해 가장 병원성이 강하였고, P. solitum과 P. crustosum은 약한 편이었다.

• 식물병과 농업
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.100-104
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• 1999

A total of 65 isolates of Penicillium were isolated from decayed post-harvest fruits of apple pear citrus and grape. The Penicillium species isolated from the apple were idnetified as P. aurantiogriseum and P. expansum those from the pear were P. crustosum and P. expansum and those from the grape were P. aurantiogriseum and P. expansum, From decayed citrus fruits. P. digitatum and P. italicum were isolated. Citrinin and patulin from these species in the YES(yeast extract sucrose) broth were extracted with ethyl acetate and purified by thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) Among 51 isolates of Penicillium from apple pear and grape 7 isolates produced citrinin 13 isolates produces patulin and 12 isolates produced citrinin and patulin also. All 14 isolates of Penicillium from citrus produced only patulin.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.167-171
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• 1999

In order to screen the antagonistic bacteria which inhibit the growth of the apple pathogen, Penicillum expansum, we isolated an effective bacterial strain and investigated into the antifungal activity of the antagonist and it's identification. The eleven strains of bacteria which strongly inhibited P. expansum were isolated from the nature, and the best antagonistic bacterial strain designated as CH142, was selected. The antagonistic strain CH142 was identified to be the genus Bacillus subtilis based on morphological and biochemical characterization. The CH142 showed 55.9% of antifungal activity against the growth of P. expansum. By the treatment of the culture broth and the heat treated culture filtrate of it, the B. subtilis CH142 showed 90% and 15% of antifungal activity, respectively.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2000

사과 저장중에 발생하는 푸른곰팡이병원균에 대한 길항미생물을 찾기 위하여 자연계로부터 유용미생물을 분리하여 Penicillum expansum에 대한 길항력 검정과 동정하였다. 자연계로부터 얻은 3,000여종의 미생물중에서 푸른곰팡이병원균에 대하여 길항력이 우수한 미생물을 1차적으로 11종 선발하였으며, 이중에서 가장 길항력이 뛰어난 미생물을 치종적으로 KB22를 선발하였다. 길항력이 우수한 KB22의 형태적 성질, 배양적 특성 및 생리 생화학적 성질 등을 조사하여 비교 검토한 결과 Bacillus subtilis와 유사한 균으로 동정되었다. 분리한 길항균 Baillus subtilis KB22는 푸른곰팡이병에 대한 55.9%의 높은 생장억제력을 보였으며, 한천배지에서 Penicillum expansum 접종 후 길항균처리와 열처리한 길항균배양액을 처리하였을 때 각각90%와 15%이상 길항력을 보여주었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.460-468
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• 2016

To study the control of postharvest decay caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium expansum, gamma irradiation alone or in combination with fumigation was evaluated to extend the shelf life of apples in South Korea. An irradiation dose of 2.0 kGy resulted in the maximum inhibition of C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum spore germination. The gamma irradiation dose required to reduce the spore germination by 90% was 0.22 and 0.35 kGy for C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum, respectively. Microscopic observations revealed that when the fungal spores were treated with gamma irradiation (4.0 kGy), conidial germination was stopped completely resulting in no germ tube formation in C. gloeosporioides. Treatment with the eco-friendly fumigant ethanedinitrile had a greater antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum in comparison with the non-treated control under in vitro conditions. The in vitro antifungal effects of the gamma irradiation and fumigation treatments allowed us to further study the effects of the combined treatments to control postharvest decay on stored apples. Interestingly, when apples were treated with gamma irradiation in combined with fumigation, disease inhibition increased more at lower (< 0.4 kGy) than at higher doses of irradiation, suggesting that combined treatments reduced the necessary irradiation dose in phytosanitary irradiation processing under storage conditions.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.170-173
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• 2001

Acetic acid는 상온($25^{\circ}C$)에서 저온저장고에 발생하는 과실의 부패병균인 Botrytis cinerea 및 Penicillium expansum의 포자발아 및 발아관 생장 억제에 효과가 나타났다. $4.8mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$의 acetic acid 함유배지에서는 처리 12시간 후에도 B. cinerea 및 P. expansum의 포자가 전혀 발아하지 않았으며, 처리 7일 후에도 거의 생장하지 못할 정도로 완전한 균사생장 억제효과를 나타내었다. 저온($2^{\circ}C$)에서도 B. cinerea 및 P. expansum에 대해 acetic acid의 농도가 높을수록 균사생장 억제효과가 증가하였으며 $4.8mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$를 함유한 배지(PDA)에서는 처리한 후 20일이 경과하여도 균총이 전혀 형성되지 않았다. 저온저장고를 가동하기 전에 기존의 $SO_2(5g{\cdot}m^{-3})$ 가스와 acetic acid($4.8g{\cdot}m^{-3}$)를 처리한 저장고에서 출현하는 균의 발생을 감소시켰다. 그러나 실제 적용시 인체에 대한 자극성이 있다는 점에 대한 보완책이 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.