• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2003

The current study was performed to observe the effects of Panax ginseng (PG) and P. quinquefolia (PQ) on hemodynamics such as blood flow rate (BF), blood flow velocity (BV), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, and body temperature (BT) in healthy young men. After testing equality of variance, Student's t-test using PROC TTEST was examined to. prove statistical differences between control and ginseng conditions at each time point. It was found that the BF data were fluctuated by personal deviation. In order to minimize the deviation, the results obtained for 6 hrs were reconstituted after dividing them into two periods of the first half from 1 to 3 hrs and of the latter half from 3.5 to 6 hrs. And then the reconstitution data and dose-response curves were obtained. Blood flow such as BF and BV shows significant increases both two periods in the dose of PG 2.25 and PG 9.0, whereas significant decrease in the dose of PG 4.5. However, in the PQ groups, the middle dose PQ 4.5 shows the highest significant increase among the three doses. Except for PG 2.25 in HR, other doses show significant decreases both in the first half and latter half. SBP of PQ 9.0 shows only a significant decrease in the first half; on the other hand, in the latter half, PG 4.5, PG 9.0 and PQ 9.0 significantly increase SBP. In addition, DBP of PG 2.25 and PG 4.5 show significant increase in the both periods. In the BT, PQ groups show gradual decrease from PQ 2.25 to PQ 9.0; however, PG groups show differently. PG 4.5 shows significant decrease, but PG 9.0 shows a increase without statistical meanings. In summary, PG is more effective in respect to keeping homeostasis of hemodynamics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.533-542
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• 2023

Exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG) hydrolyzes pectin acids and liberates mono-galacturonate, which plays an important role in juice extraction, and has rarely been reported. Exo-PG (AfumExoPG28A) from Aspergillus fumigatus belongs to the glycoside hydrolase 28 family. In this study, its gene was cloned and the protein was expressed and secreted in Pichia pastoris with a maximal activity of 4.44 U/ml. The optimal temperature and pH of AfumExoPG28A were 55℃ and 4.0, respectively. The enzyme exhibited activity over almost the entire acidic pH range (>20.0% activity at pH 2.5-6.5) and remained stable at pH 2.5-10.0 for 24 h. The K_m and V_max values of AfumExoPG28A were calculated by the substrate of polygalacturonic acid as 25.4 mg/ml and 23.6 U/mg, respectively. Addition of AfumExoPG28A (0.8 U/mg) increased the light transmittance and juice yield of plantain pulp by 11.7% and 9%, respectively. Combining AfumExoPG28A (0.8 U/mg) with an endo-PG (0.8 U/mg) from our laboratory, the enzymes increased the light transmittance and juice yield of plantain pulp by 45.7% and 10%, respectively. Thus, the enzyme's potential value in juice production was revealed by the remarkable acidic properties and catalytic activity in fruit pulp.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.301-310
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• 1998

Background: Cell mediated immune response mediated by interaction between CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophagies is thought to play an important role in tuberculous pleurisy. This interaction is dependent on the interplay of various cytokines. The immunologic response of tuberculous pleurisy is thought to depend on the balance between helper T cell(Th1) cytokine Interleukin-12, Interferon gamma and Th2 cytokine IL-4, IL-10. To understand immunologic mechanism in tuberculous pleurisy and evaluate diagnostic value of these cytokines, the concentrations of Th1 cytokine IL-12, IFN -$\gamma$ and Th2 cytokine IL-10 were measured in tuberculous pleurisy and malignant pleural effusion group. Material and Methods: The concentrations of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ were measured by ELISA method in pleural fluids and serums of 20 patients with tuberculous pleurisy and 20 patients with malignant pleural effusion ADA activities were measured by spetrophotomery in pleural fluids of both groups. Results: In tuberculous pleurisy, the mean concentrations of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ of pleural fluids showed $121.3{\pm}83.7$ pg/mL, $571.4{\pm}472.7$ pg/mL and $420.4{\pm}285.9$ pg/mL. These were significantly higher than that of serum, $21.2{\pm}60.9$ pg/mL, 194.5 pg/mL, $30.1{\pm}18.3$ pg/mL respectively(p< 0.01). In malignant pleural effusion, the mean concentrations of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ of pleural fluids showed $88.4{\pm}40.4$ pg/mL, $306.5{\pm}271.1$ pg/mL and $30.5{\pm}54.8$ pg/mL respectively. Compared with that of serum ($43.4{\pm}67.2$ pg/mL, $206.8{\pm}160.6$ pg/mL, $14.6{\pm}3.3$ pg/mL), only IL-10 was significantly higher (p<0.001), but IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$ were not significant. In tuberculous pleural effusion compared with malignant pleural effusion, the concentration of IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, ADA were significantly higher (p=value 0.046, <0.001, <0.001), but IL-10 was not significant. For differential diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy from malignant pleural effusion, using cut-off value of IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, ADA as 300 pg/mL. 100 pg/mL, 45 U/L, the sensitivity/specificity were 60%/70%, 90%/87.5%, 85%/90% respectively. Conclusion: In tuberculous pleurisy, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ were selectively concentrated highly in pleural space than serum. Compared with malignant pleural effusion, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ were significantly higher, but IL-10 were not in tuberculous pleural effusion. The results suggest that Th1 pathway contributes to immune resistant mechanism in tuberculous pleurisy. IFN-$\gamma$ and ADA revealed useful methods of differential diagnosis in tuberculous pleurisy from malignant pleural effusion.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.656-663
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• 2005

Background : The B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac neurohormone that is specifically secreted from the ventricles in response to volume expansion and a pressure overload. Differentiating congestive heart failure from the pulmonary causes of dyspnea is very important for patients presenting with acute dyspnea. Methods : A retrospective study was carried out on 261 patients who were admitted to the emergency department of Hanyang University Hospital due to acute dyspnea from March to July 2004. The serum BNP levels of the patients were measured using the ELISA method. Results : The BNP levels were 382, 111-1140 pg/ml (median, interquartile range) in the heart failure group (n=119) and 29, 7-81 pg/ml in the non-heart failure group (n=142). The BNP levels according to the subgroups of heart failure were 820, 354-1620 pg/ml, 1650, 239-1990 pg/ml, and 378, 106-1120 pg/ml for the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with combined left heart failure (n=5), cor pulmonale (n=3), and left heart failure groups (n=111), respectively. The BNP levels according to the subgroups of non-heart failure were 39, 21-101 pg/ml, 59, 10-129 pg/ml, and 15, 6-47 pg/ml for the COPD (n=20), other pulmonary diseases (n=56), and other causes groups (n=66), respectively. The BNP levels were significantly different according to the underlying etiology (p<0.001), and were significantly higher in the COPD patients with left heart failure than in those without (p=0.002). When the patients with no cardiovascular risk factor such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking or renal failure were analyzed, the BNP levels were also significantly higher in the patients with heart failure than in those without(p<0.001). When 133 pg/ml was designated as the BNP cut-off level the sensitivity for predicting heart failure was 73 percent and the specificity was 87 percent. Conclusion : BNP measurements are useful for determining the presence of heart failure in the patients presenting with acute dyspnea. The possibility of heart failure must be seriously considered in patients with high BNP levels even when they have a pre-existing pulmonary disease such as COPD or no risk factors for heart failure.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 2012

PCDDs(Polychlorinated dibenzo-$p$-dioxins) and PCDFs(polychlorinated dibenzofurans) are measured in soil of Yeungju and Sangju on North Gyeongbuk to investigate the risk assessment of dioxins. Dioxins are analyzed by HRGC/HRMS(high resolution gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometer). 2,3,7,8-T4CDD and 1,2,3,7,8-Pe5CDD in soil on Yeungju and Sangju are not detected. Also, 2,3,7,8-T4CDF is not detected in soil on Yeungju and Sangju. PCDDs and PCDFs in Yeungju soil are 1.957 pg/g and 0.294 pg/g, respectively. Total of dioxins in Yeungju soil are 2.251 pg/g. PCDDs and PCDFs in Sangju soil are 1.220 pg/g and 0.420 pg/g, respectively. Total of dioxins in Sangju soil are 1.640 pg/g. PCDDs and PCDFs in Yeungju soil are 0.0049 pg WHO-TEQ/g and 0.0123 pg WHO-TEQ/g, respectively. Total of dioxins with PCDDs and PCDFs in Yeungju soil are 0.0172 pg WHO-TEQ/g. PCDDs and PCDFs in Sangju soil are 0.0065 pg WHO-TEQ/g and 0.0213 pg WHO-TEQ/g, respectively. Total of dioxins with PCDDs and PCDFs in Sangju soil are 0.0278 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Amount for pg/g concentration unit of PCDDs is higher than amount of PCDFs in soil. But, WHO-TEQ of PCDFs is higher than WHO-TEQ of PCDDs in soil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.488-493
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• 1991

The characteristics of endogenous and exogenous polygalacturonase(PG) produced from L. acidophilus were investigated as one of the serial studies on the fermentation of Chinese cabbage kimchi using L. acidophilus. Apparent molecular weigth of endogenous and exogenous PG were estimated to be 420,000 and 500,000 daltons by the method of gel filtration and Vmax of the enzymes 8.0 and $0.3{\mu}mol$ galacturonic acid/ml/30min, respectively and Km of the enzymes were 4.0mg/ml. The optimum temperature, pH and salt concentration of the both enzymes were the same and appeared to $30^{\circ}C$, 5.5 and 2~3%, respectively. The activities of the endogenous and exogenous PG all were severely decreased by increasing of temperature to $90^{\circ}C\;from\;60^{\circ}C$ and its remained activities at $60^{\circ}C\;and\;90^{\circ}C$ were 50%, 58%, and 19%, 5%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.576-581
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• 1993

Polygalacturonase(PG) was extracted from Chinese cabbage and partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography. Three fractions, D-PG, C-1 PG, and C-2 PG, were separated by CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography and FPLC Mono Q HR 5/5 or Mono S HR 5/5 column and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated. All three fractions had optimum pH and temperature of 4.5 and $65^{\circ}C$, and were stable in the range of pH $4.5{\sim}8.0$. These fractions were inhibited by 0.8mM $CaCl_2$ or 0.6M NaCl. In the thermal inactivation of PC isozymes at $65{\sim}80^{\circ}C$, z-values were $8.4{\sim}9.3^{\circ}C$ and D-values at $80^{\circ}C$ were In the range of $120{\sim}126s$. Thermodynamic constants were calculated from thermal inactivation data of the isozymes and were applicable to estimation of thermal process time of retort pouched Kimchi.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.496-503
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• 2018

Background: Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) plays an anti-inflammatory role in a variety of inflammatory diseases such as gastritis, hepatitis, and colitis. However, inflammation-regulatory activity of the calyx of the P. ginseng berry has not been thoroughly evaluated. To understand whether the calyx portion of the P. ginseng berry is able to ameliorate inflammatory processes, an ethanolic extract of P. ginseng berry calyx (Pg-C-EE) was prepared, and lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages and HEK293 cells transfected with inflammation-regulatory proteins were used to test the anti-inflammatory action of Pg-C-EE. Methods: The ginsenoside contents of Pg-C-EE were analyzed by HPLC. Suppressive activity of Pg-C-EE on NO production, inflammatory gene expression, transcriptional activation, and inflammation signaling events were examined using the Griess assay, reverse transcription-polymerization chain reaction, luciferase activity reporter gene assay, and immunoblotting analysis. Results: Pg-C-EE reduced NO production and diminished mRNA expression of inflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NO synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. This extract suppressed luciferase activity induced only by nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$. Interestingly, immunoblotting analysis results demonstrated that Pg-C-EE reduced the activities of protein kinase B (AKT)1 and AKT2. Conclusion: These results suggest that Pg-C-EE may have nuclear-factor-${\kappa}B$-targeted anti-inflammatory properties through suppression of AKT. The calyx of the P. ginseng berry is an underused part of the ginseng plant, and development of calyx-derived extracts may be useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.843-847
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• 2004

In order to understand the effects of different oils on the production performances and polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol level in the yolk. 160 Hexices hens at 42 wks were divided into four groups randomly. Each group fed with control diet (CG), control diet+5% fish oil (FG), control diet+5% palm oil (PG) and control diet+5% soybean oil (SG), respectively. After three weeks' experiment, the results showed that: different oils showed no significant effect on feed/egg weight, egg white weight, body weight, C16, C18:3 n-6 and C20:4 n-6 contents in the yolk (p>0.05). But the egg mass of PG was higher than SG (p<0.05), the average egg weight of CG was lower than FG (p<0.05), and the of PG was lower than FG (p<0.05), during the experiment, FG gained more than SG (p<0.05), the cholesterol level in yolk of FG was lower than PG and CG (p<0.01), meanwhile the C20:5 n-3 content of FG was higher than CG and SG (p<0.01), and no C20:5 n-3 was detected in PF, as far as C22:6 n-3 in the yolk was concerned, FG was higher than PG (p<0.01), the C18:1 n-9 content of SG was lower than PG (p<0.05), the C18:2 n-6 content of SG was the highest than other three groups (p<0.01), and CG was the lowest, showed significant to FG (p<0.05), the C18:3 n-3 content of FG was higher than SG and PG (p<0.05), and the C20:1 n-9 content of FG was higher than other groups (p<0.01). The results demonstrated that fish oil could decrease the cholesterol and increase the n-3 fatty acids content in the yolk, and increase the n-3/n-6 level.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.855-861
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• 1995

Background: Parathyroid hormone-related protein(PTHrp) was first identified as the cause of hypercalcemia in malignancy. Hypercalcemia can be found in malignancy, especially in the epidermoid carcinoma of the lung, even without extensive metastases to the bones. The application of sensitive assays for PTHrp may help in the early diagnosis of lung cancer, in the monitoring of treatment and in the detection of recurrence. Method: Serum PTHrp was measured by radioimmunoassay detecting the N-terminal 1~34 peptide of human PTHrp(PTHrp 1-34) in 63 histologically confirmed lung cancer patients and 22 healthy controls. Result: Serum PTHrp(mean$\pm$S.E.) was $312{\pm}68.9pg/ml$ in 63 lung cancer patients and $158{\pm}38.2pg/ml$ in 22 controls(p>0.05). PTHrp was $356{\pm}103.9pg/ml$ in 34 epidermoid carcinoma patients, $281{\pm}148.7pg/ml$ in 15 adenocarcinoma patients and $316{\pm}140.8pg/ml$ in 9 small cell carcinoma patients. In epidermoid carcinoma patients, PTHrp was $570{\pm}472.3pg/ml$ in stage II(n=3; p<0.05 vs controls), $166{\pm}22.4pg/ml$ in stage IIIa(n=9), $282{\pm}113.3pg/ml$ in stage IIIb(n=12) and $668{\pm}367.9pg/ml$ in stage IV(n=9; p<0.05 vs controls). PTHrp was significantly increased in 8 epidermoid carcinoma patients with bone metastases($1526{\pm}811.2\;pg/ml$; p<0.0005 vs controls). Hypercalcemia was observed in an epidermoid carcinoma patient whose PTHrp value was 244 pg/ml. Conclusion: The serum PTHrp was increased in advanced epidermoid carcinoma patients even without hypercalcemia. The measurement of PTHrp may be not helpful in the early diagnosis of lung cancer. But the lung cancer should be suspected in the marked elevation of PTHrp. It may be of value in detecting patients of advanced diseases with bone metastases or patients who might develop the malignancy associated hypercalcemia.