• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 1999년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Fall
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• pp.396-403
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• 1999

This experimental study investigates the hysterestic behavior of traditional timber frames subjected to lateral loads. Prototype frames for this study were selected from one of typical national treasures for timber structures in Korea. For simplicity roof structures and braket systems were excluded from specimens and the joint behavior of beam-to-column system were presumed to have crucial effect on their global behavior. The experimental observation showed stiffness degradation and slip after experiencing initial yield and the first cycle at a new larger displacement due to inherent gaps in traditional timber connection and gradual indentation of interfaces, The cyclic behaviors of all specimens were similar to those os modern timber frames with bolt and nail connections. Additional structural members such as an upper beam and clay-filled wall increased the initial stiffness strength and energy dissipation. It is expected that collapse of Korean traditional timber frames under lateral load is mainly caused from P-$\Delta$ effects rather than local member failure.

• 분석과학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2013

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)는 세포내의 cAMP를 분해하는 효소로 세포의 신호 전달에 중요한 기능을 수행하는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 각각의 PDE들은 N-말단의 서열을 통해 세포 내 특정 부위로 이동되어 기능을 수행한다. 이전의 연구를 통해 바다달팽이인 군소에서 새롭게 클로닝된 ApPDE4 long-form이 원형질막과 시냅스전 뉴런의 말단에 발현됨을 확인하였다. 그러나, 현재까지 이러한 세포내 작용부위로의 이동, 즉 타겟팅(targeting)에 필요한 최소부위가 어디인지, 이러한 타겟팅이 세포에 미치는 영향은 무엇인지는 보고되지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 이를 알아보기 위해 첫째, 원형질막으로 타겟팅에 필요한 최소부위를 알아 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 다양한 결실돌연변이체를 제작하고, 이들의 이동과 분포를 확인한 결과, N-말단 13개의 아미노산만으로도 원형질막으로 타기팅에 충분하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, ApPDE4 N-말단의 20개 아미노산을 mRFP에 융합해서 만든 ApPDE4(N20)-mRFP를 HEK293T 세포에 과발현시킨 결과, 기포(bleb)가 생성되는 세포의 비정상적인 형태 변화가 관찰 되었다. 이러한 형태적 변화는 ApPDE4가 원형질막으로 타겟팅되는 것과 관련이 있었다. 대표적인 인지질의 하나인 PI4,$5P_2$에 선택적으로 결합함으로써 원형질막으로 타겟팅되는 단백질인 mRFP-$PLC{\delta}1$(PH)의 과발현도 ApPDE4(N20)-mRFP와 비슷한 세포의 형태적 변화가 유도됨을 확인할 수 있었다. ApPDE4의 N-말단은 PI4,$5P_2$와 같은 인지질과의 결합으로 원형질막으로 타겟팅될 수 있고, 형태적 변화를 유도하는 가능성을 제시한다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 손상된 지류문화재의 수리복원 과정에서 사용되는 염색보수지의 제작에 있어 매염제가 바탕종이에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 확인하고자 현재 시판되는 대표적인 합성매염제 4종류 [$K_2CO_3$, $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$, $Cu_2SO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$, $FeSO_4$]를 선정하여 시료를 제작하고 자외선, 온 습도를 이용한 인공열화를 통해 열화 후 색도 측정, 인장지수 측정, pH측정(산성화 정도)을 실시하고 그에 따른 물성변화를 확인하였다. 색도 측정 결과 $K_2CO_3$매염 시료의 ${\Delta}E^*ab$값이 가장 크게 나타났으며 인장지수 측정 결과 열화시간에 따라 염색시료의 강도는 모두 저하하였으나 매염제에 따른 변화는 뚜렷하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 산성도 측정 결과 $Cu_2SO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$와 $FeSO_4$로 매염한 시료의 pH값이 6이하로 감소하였다. 실험 결과를 통하여 보수지 염색에서 사용되는 매염제는 바탕종이의 염색 특성 및 노화에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인 되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.373-377
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• 2014

Background: This paper aimed to verify the effects of renal replacement therapy on changing the levels of serum creatinine for different veno-arterial and veno-venous configurations in prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients. Methods: The subjects were chosen 71 patients who had undergone more than 1,440 minutes (24 hours) of the therapy from among 117 patients who had undergone ECMO insertion between January 2008 and December 2012. The patients were separated into the veno-arterial configuration group I (51 patients) and the veno-venous configuration group II (20 patients). The difference in the level of serum creatinine (${\Delta}Cr$) between before or just after ECMO insertion ($Cr_I$) and the level when the pump time was between 2,880 and 4,320 minutes ($Cr_F$) was checked (${\Delta}Cr=Cr_F-Cr_I$), and the average ${\Delta}Cr$ for each group was compared using a Student t-test at the confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Results: The change in the level of serum creatinine was an increase of 0.341 mg/dL (${\sigma}$=0.9202) for group I and a decrease of 0.120 mg/dL (${\sigma}$=1.5292) for group II. The change was significantly high for group I (p=0.011, CI=95%). Meanwhile, within group I, when renal replacement therapy was not done, there was a significant increase in the level of serum creatinine (p=0.009, CI=95%). Conclusion: For ECMO insertion patients whose pump time was more than 1,440 minutes, there was a significant change in the level of serum creatinine when renal replacement therapy was not done, for the veno-arterial configuration of group I.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.918-929
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of inverted position on EEG and heart rate variability before and after Bang song gong. BSG is a training method using in qi-gong and meditation to give a convergence of consciousness on body segments in order and take a silent speech of 'song'. The subjects were the 14 university students(n=7 per group) who had not experienced any medical problem and had not practiced BSG. They took a practice of the two way of BSG training program for 30 minutes every other day for two weeks. During practicing BSG, A group took sitting position and lean sitting position by turns, B group took inverted and lean sitting position in the same way. Statistical analysis conducted by two-way ANOVA($2groups^{\ast}2periods$) with p<0.05 for average difference of EEG and HR according to position change in each group before and after BSG. In A group, EEG and HR were changeless irrespective of the change of position and BSG. On the other hand, in B group, significant changes were observed in EEG(p<0.05). ${\alpha}$ wave of inverted position were on the increase, ${\beta}$ and ${\delta}$ wave of inverted position showed smaller power after two weeks training. In the variation of HR, there were smaller variation according to the position change after BSG compared to before BSG(p<0.05). The results suggested that an inverted position may make the depth of meditation deeper, and is likely to be effective for decreasing tension of brain and the sleepiness during qi-gong training. In addition to, an inverted position seemed to promote control of blood pressure of brain. So the application of an inverted position to 'BSG' will be very helpful to achieve deeper relaxation and to obtain the desired effect from qi-gong training.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2012

We studied the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil and galantamine, and an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker, memantine, on sleep-wake architecture in rats. Screw electrodes were chronically implanted into the frontal and parietal cortex for the electroencephalography (EEG). EEG was recorded with a bio-potential amplifier for 8 h from 09:30 to 17:30. Vibration was recorded to monitor animal activity with a vibration measuring device. Sleep-wake states such as wake (W), slow-wave sleep (S) and paradoxical or rapid eye movement sleep (P), were scored every 10 sec by an experimenter. We measured mean episode duration and number of episode to determine which factor sleep disturbance was attributed to. Donepezil and memantine showed a significant increase in total W duration and decreases in total S and P duration and delta activity. Memantine showed increases in sleep latency and motor activity. Changes of S and P duration in memantine were attributed from changes of mean episode duration. Galantamine had little effect on sleep architecture. From these results, it is showed that galantamine may be an anti-dementia drug that does not cause sleep disturbances and memantine may be a drug that causes severe sleep disturbance.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.323-330
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• 2017

To understand the defect chemistry of multiferroic $BiFeO_3-based$ systems, we synthesized nonstoichiometric $Bi_{1+x}FeO_{3{\pm}{\delta}}$ ceramics by conventional solid-state reaction method and studied their structural, dielectric and high-temperature charge transport properties. Incorporation of an excess amount of $Bi_2O_3$ lowered the Bi deficiency in $BiFeO_3$. Polarization versus electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop and dielectric properties were found to be improved by the $Bi_2O_3$ addition. To better understand the defect effects on the multiferroic properties, the high temperature equilibrium electrical conductivity was measured under various oxygen partial pressures ($pO_2{^{\prime}}s$). The charge transport behavior was also examined through thermopower measurement. It was found that the oxygen vacancies contribute to high ionic conduction, showing $pO_2$ independency, and the electronic carrier is electron (n-type) in air and Ar gas atmospheres.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.453-467
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• 2023

Purpose: This study investigated the cumulative effects of depressive symptoms on cognitive function over time in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Data were investigated from 2,533 community-dwelling older adults who participated in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) from the 5th (2014) to the 8th wave (2020). The association between cumulative depressive symptoms and cognitive function was identified through multiple regression analysis. Results: When the multiple regression analysis was conducted from each wave, the current depressive symptoms scores and cognitive function scores were negatively associated, regardless of the waves (B5th = - 0.26, B6th = - 0.26, B7th = - 0.26, and B8th = - 0.27; all p < .001). Further, when all the previous depressive symptoms scores were added as explanatory variables in the 8th wave, the current one (B8th = - 0.09, p < .001) and the previous ones (B5th = - 0.11, B6th = - 0.09, and B7th = - 0.13; all p < .001) were also negatively associated with the cognitive function score. The delta R², which indicates the difference between the model's R² with and without the depressive symptoms scores, was greater in the model with all the previous and current depressive symptoms scores (6.4%) than in the model with only the current depressive symptoms score (3.6%). Conclusion: Depressive symptoms in older adults have a long-term impact. This results in an accumulated adverse effect on the cognitive function. Therefore, to prevent cognitive decline in older adults, we suggest detecting their depressive symptoms early and providing continuous intervention to reduce exposure to long-term depressive symptoms.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.533-541
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of tooth bleaching agent contained 35% hydrogen peroxide on the color, microhardness and surface roughness of tooth-colored restorative materials. Methods : Four types of tooth-colored restorative materials, including a composite resin(Filtek Z350 ; Z350), a flowable composite resin(Filtek P60 : P60), a compomer(Dyract$^{(R)}$ AP ; DY), and a glass-ionomer cement(KetacTM Molar Easymix ; KM) were used in the study. The specimens($8mm{\times}5mm$) were made by using a customized acrylic mold. Each material was divided into two groups equally(n=40) : experimental group(35% HP) and control group(distilled water). 35% HP group was treated 30 mim/5 days for 15 days. Each 30 minute treatment session consisted of two 15 minute cycles of gel application with 20 second light exposure. The authors measured the color, microhardness, and roughness of the specimens before and after bleaching. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and T-test. Results : 35% HP group showed an apparent color change(${\Delta}E^*$) than control group. In particular, DY and KM showed a noticeable color change and statistically significant differences(p<0.05). 35% HP group showed a reduction in microhardness. Z350 and P60 does not have a statistically significant difference(p>0.05), DY and KM showed a statistically significant difference(p<0.05). Percentage microhardness loss(PML) of control group was 0.6 to 5.5% in the group, 35% HP group was 6.6 to 34.6%. Roughness was increased in 35% HP group after bleaching. Especially DY and KM were significantly increased(p<0.05). Conclusions : Bleaching agents may affect the surface of existing restorations; therefore, they should not be used indiscriminately when tooth-colored restorations are present.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1991

담수처리(湛水處理)에 의한 토양(土壤)의 환원(還元)이 토양(土壤)의 인산(燐酸) 흡착특성(吸着特性)에 어떠한 영향(影響)을 미치는지를 검토(檢討)하기 위하여 논으로 이용(利用)되어온 강서통(江西統), 밭으로 이용(利用)되어온 중동통(中東統), 및 미경작지(未耕作地)인 예산통(禮山統)을 공시토양(供試土壤)으로 하여 담수처리(湛水處理)후 인산(燐酸) 흡착(吸着) 실험(實驗)을 실시(實施) 하였다. 흡착(吸着) 실험(實驗)의 온도(溫度)는 $5{\sim}45^{\circ}C$이었으며, Langmuir 등온흡착식(等溫吸着式)과 van't Hoff식(式)을 이용(利用)하여 인산(燐酸) 최대(最大) 흡착량(吸着量)과 흡착평형상수(吸着平衡常數) 및 흡착열(吸着熱)을 구하였다. 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 흡착온도(吸着溫度)의 증가(增加)는 인산(燐酸)의 흡착량(吸着量)을 증가(增加) 시켰으나, 흡착(吸着) 평형(平衡)에 도달(到達)하는 속도(速度)에는 거의 영향(影響)을 미치지 못하였다. 3시간(時間)의 진탕으로 24시간후(時間後) 흡착량(吸着量)의 80~90%가 흡착(吸着)되었으며, 12시간후(時間後)에는 흡착량(吸着量)의 변화가 없었다. 2. 인산(燐酸) 최대(最大) 흡착량(吸着量)은 담수처리(湛水處理)에 의하여 강서통(江西統)은 500mgP/kg에서 850mgP/kg으로, 예산통(禮山統)은 1,850mgP/kg에서 3,300mgP/kg으로, 중동통(中東統)은 310mgP/kg에서 670mgP/kg으로 증가(增加)하였으며, 최대(最大) 흡착량(吸着量)에 대한 온도(溫度)의 효과(效果)는 거의 없었다. 3. 흡착(吸着) 평형상수(平衡常數)는 담수처리(湛水處理)에 의하여 강서통(江西統)과 예산통(禮山統)에서는 감소(減少)하였으나, 중동통(中東統)에서는 증가(增加)하였으며, 흡착온도(吸着溫度)에 따라서는 세 토양(土壤)의 값이 모두 증가(增加)하였다. 특히 점토(粘土)의 함량(含量)이 높고 토양중(土壤中) Bray 1-P의 함량(含量)이 낮은 예산통(禮山統)이 큰 값을 나타내었다. 4. Langmuir식(式)의 평형상수(平衡常數)값을 사용(使用)하여 계산(計算)한 흡착열(吸着熱)은 담수처리(湛水處理)에 의하여 강서통(江西統)은, 2.2kcal/mole에서 3.5kcal/mole로 증가(增加)하였으며, 예산통(禮山統)은 5.7kcal/mole에서 5.5kcal/mole로 거의 일정(一定)하였다. 담수(湛水)시킨 중동통(中東統)의 흡착열(吸着熱)은 4.4kcal/mole이었다.