• 한국동물학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.181-192
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• 1993

The spawning and growth of eightspine stickleback,Pungitius sinensis kaiborae (Tanaka, 19151, were investigated in the Chavang Stream from March 1990 to february 1991 as a part of study on its life history. Nest building, spavming and parental behaviors were similar to those known on the sticklebacks of Europe, North America and Japan. Bht f sinensis kaibarae in the Chayang Stream, peculiarly, showed only superficial gluing behavior in nest building phase and made two nurseries iust behind the nest in Parental Phase. The individuals with fully mature eggs were found from late February to late June. The fecundity of an adult female was about 21 to 110 (mean 47.07) eggs and the diameter of kllv matured ovarian eggs ranged 1.3 to 1.5 mm. The smallest female with fully mature eggs was 25.8 mm in body length and had 21 eggs. The relationship between the number of mature eggs in ovary and body length was No. of eggs = 2.857BL -55.134 (r = 0.890). The number of deposited eggs in a nest was 27 to 637 and thew were composed of several clusters of various developmental stages. The distribution pattern of gonadsomatic index (GSl) against the body length shown that in females 1+ year-old fishes mainly participate in spawning but in males 11 and 2+ year-old fishes equally participate. From the fluctuat지n pattern of GSI and the number of mature eggs in ovary, it was assumed that the spawning season was from February to June and the peak of spawning was early March to late April. The newly hatched vouns was found at late April and their body length was about 10 mm. The vouns (O+) grew rapidly until late August. Then their srowth was slowed down and finallY ceased in midautumn. The young reached about 35 mm BL in their first year of life. The halting of growth was lasted to next Sune when the spawning season would be nearly closed. They (1+) began to grow asain from late june, grew rapidly until tate september and reached about 415 mm BL. Then there was no more grouvth until to die as 2+ yearold fish. Therefore it was assumed that the life span of P. sinensis kaibarae in the Chavang Stream would be about ko years. The relationship between the body length and the body weight was logBW = 2.9541ogBL -4.802 (r = 0.998).

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2020

The present study aimed to investigate the conceptus-related changes during early pregnancy in the Black Bengal breed of goat. A total of 22 gravid genitalia of the Black Bengal goats were collected from local slaughterhouses. The crown-rump lengths (CRL) of the conceptuses were determined to estimate the gestational age (GA). The length and diameter of uterine horn and amniotic sac were measured, and volume of amniotic and allantoic fluid formed by individual conceptus were recorded. The results reveal that the CRL is positively correlated with GA of the conceptus (R² = 0.89, p < 0.05); however, CRL was not influenced by number of conceptus. Both the left and the right uterine horn gradually increased in size with the advancement of pregnancy irrespective of conceptus number present in the horn. The size of the amniotic sac of conceptus gradually increased with the conceptus age but maintained spherical shape from 5 to 7 weeks of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid formed by individual conceptus rapidly increased from 5 weeks (3.4 ± 0.3 mL) to 7 weeks (21.0 ± 2.0 mL) and 9 weeks (111.5 ± 4.0 mL). The volume of allantoic fluid formed by individual conceptus was steadily increased until 7 weeks (60.0 ± 5.0 mL) and began to decline slowly thereafter (50.0 ± 5.0 mL at 9 weeks). Notably, there was no effect of conceptus number per pregnancy on individual amniotic and allantoic fluid volume. The cotyledons have first appeared on the allanto-chorionic surface from 4 to 5 weeks of pregnancy. The closed eye, nostril and hooves of the conceptus became visible at 7 weeks of pregnancy. The present study has shown the basic information on conceptus-related developmental changes during early pregnancy up to 9 weeks in Black Bengal goat.

• 약학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.258-269
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• 2010

As people are easy to access the National Health Insurance, medical health service has been increased. It contributed to extend human's average life expectancy and to get better health care. But also increased unnecessary health service or inappropriate drug use. Therefore, DUR (Drug Use Review) is needed to induce appropriate drug use. The purpose of this study is to evaluate outpatient prescriptions by General Practitioner (GP) and Specialized Practitioner, especially indication for ENT referral including common cold which is the frequent indications that have patient see doctor. This study was reviewed retrospectively prescriptions for ENT referral collected at the A pharmacy for ENT Clinic in Cheong-Ju, B pharmacy for GP Clinic in BoEun from Feb 2nd, 2009 to Feb 28th, 2009. Each pharmacy located closed to the each enrolled clinic. The numbers of collected prescriptions were each A pharmacy (n=2501), B pharmacy (n=1343). This study was classified Drug Related Problems (DRPs) those prescriptions had as total 6 groups according to following 6 categories; 1) Unnecessary Drug, 2) Wrong Drug, 3) Low Dose, 4) Overdose, 5) Wrong Instruction, 6) Wrong Combination. In results, Specialized Practitioner's prescriptions had more DRPs than General Practitioner's prescriptions (ENT 155.34% vs GP 130.01%). In detail, Specialized Practitioner's prescriptions had more DRPs in Low Dose (ENT 16.95% vs GP 4.77%), Overdose (ENT 6.72% vs G.P 5.51%), Wrong Instruction (ENT 7.91% vs GP 5.81%), Wrong Combination (ENT 29.31% vs GP 25.09%). These DRPs would be caused from lack of consideration for dosage and drug interaction. General Practitioner's prescriptions had more DRPs in Unnecessary Drug (ENT 70.37% vs GP 78.85%), Wrong drug (ENT 4.12% vs GP 9.98%). These DRPs would be associated with drug selection. This study was assumed that Specialized Practitioner is better prescriber than General Practitioner because Specialized Practitioner complete additional intern and residency training. But, Specialized Practitioner is not always better prescriber than General Practitioner. Furthermore, prescriptions of both Specialized Practitioner and General Practitioner had many problems. In conclusion, It could be cut down the excessive medical expense and expected more efficient medical care by reducing DRPs, thus contributing to the improvement of national health. In order to pharmacist must have good professional ability of pharmacotherapy to help the physician for the drug selection.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2010년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.229-229
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• 2010

본 실험에서는 $CuInSe_2$, 3원물질을 화학량론적 조성비가 되도록 박막을 제조하기 위해 각 단위원소를 원자비에 맞춰 전자선가열 진공증착기를 사용하여 Cu, In, Se 순으로 증착하였다. $10^{-3}$torr 이상의 진공석영관에서 열처리와 동시에 Selenization을 통해 제작된 $CuInSe_2$박막은 열처리온도 $250^{\circ}C$에서는 $Cu_xSe$, CuSe등의 2차상들이 나타나다가 $450^{\circ}C$이상의 고온에서 $CuInSe_2$ 단일상을 형성하였다. 이로부터 진공중에서 반응을 시켰을 때, 더 낮은 온도에서 반응이 일어나고 열역학적으로 보다 안정한 소수의 화합물들이 쉽게 형성됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 $250^{\circ}C$에서는 Sphalerite 구조를 가지다가 $350^{\circ}C$이상의 온도에서 Selenization하였을 때 Chalcopyrite 구조를 가졌다. 박막이 두꺼워지면서 결정립의 크기가 커지고 응력이 작아지는 특성을 보였다. 에너지 밴드갭은($E_g$)은 Cu/In 성분비율이 클수록 작은값을 보였으며, 결절립크기가 증대되므로 결국 흡수계수가 낮아짐을 알 수 있다. 또한 두께가 증가할수록 전반적으로 흡수계수가 증가하였고 Cu/In의 성분비율이 0.97일 때 기초흡수파장은 1,169nm이고 에너지밴드갭은 1.06eV이었으며, 두께 $1.5{\mu}m$이상일 때 전반적으로 양호한 상태의 p-type $CuInSe_2$ 박막을 제작 하였다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.138-142
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate how light touch with a finger affects balance ability when a posture is maintained in the condition of visual information blockage and to provide a fundamental material for developing balance ability in the process of rehabilitation treatment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study subjects were 17 healthy men and women in their twenties and thirties who were studying at S University in Seoul. The system was comprised of an equilateral triangular force platform. Subjects were asked to step on the foot position of the force platform (Good Balance, Finland) barefooted for 30 seconds, with eyes closed, hands hanging down loosely, and feet comfortably apart. It was connected to a laptop by using Bluetooth technology. An experiment was conducted in the following three circumstances: 1) no-touch trial, 2) light touch to the back (T7 area), and 3) light touch to the middle finger of the left hand. Each subject was given a 10-minute break between consecutive measurements. The experimental circumstances were performed randomly. Anteroposterior sway (APSV), mediolateral sway velocity (MLSV), and velocity moment (VM) were measured. Results: The APSVs (mm/s) were $9.32{\pm}3.37$ and $5.45{\pm}2.98$; the MLSVs (mm/s), $6.39{\pm}3.35$ and $3.31{\pm}2.48$; and VM ($mm^2/s$), $17.13{\pm}11.75$ and $6.76{\pm}8.31$ in the first and second experimental circumstances, respectively. APSV, MLSV, and VM values were significantly improved with the 1) no-touch trial and 2) light touch to the back trail conditions compared with the 3) light touch to the middle finger of the left hand condition (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study revealed that the balance ability for maintaining a body posture was influenced more by light touch to the back (T7) than by light touch with the sensitive fingertip and body sway diminished after visual information was blocked.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.607-613
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• 2006

내 수문지열계 가운데 수주지열정(SCW)시스템을 합리적으로 설치이용할 수 있는 조건들은 심도별 지온증가율이 명확하고($2^{\circ}C/100m$심도), 기존의 지하수 열펌프가 필요로 하는 순환수의 유량에 비해 최소 $10{\sim}30%$의 중온의 심부지하수가 산출될 수 있어야 하며, 순환수를 공내로 재주입시 공내붕괴가 일어나지 않는 견고한 암석들이 존재 하여야 한다. 수주지열정의 1개공당 굴착심도는 평균 $400{\sim}500m$이며, 이로 부터 개발가능한 지열에너지는 공당 약 $30{\sim}40RT$ 규모인데 비해 1개 수직지중열교환기가 공급가능한 지열에너지는 $2{\sim}3RT$ 정도이다. 즉 수주지열정 1개공은 $10{\sim}15$개의 수직지중열교환기 역할을 한다. 따라서 이 방식은 수직루프 설치장소의 공간 문제를 해소할 수 있는 유일한 대안으로 인식되어, 현재 전국 각지에서 많은 수의 SCW들이 무분별 하게 비과학적으로 설치되고 있다. 이와 같이 해당지역 수문지열계의 수리 지질학적인 특성과 열적인 특성을 명확히 파악하지 않은 상태에서 수주지열정을 설계 시공하는 경우에 나타날 문제점들은 추후 합리적인 천부지열 개발 이용에 지대한 장애요인이 될 것이다. 따라서 본고는 국내 수문지열계에 적합한 수주지열정을 설계 하는데 있어 필요한 일종의 지침서를 제시하기 위해 작성되었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2005

옥동천 퇴적물을 대상으로 중금속의 존재형태 및 이동성에 관하여 조사하였다. 퇴적물내의 중금속의 존재형태는 adsorbed fraction, carbonate fraction, reducible fraction, organic fraction, and residual fraction 다섯 가지 형태로 분류하였으며, 존재형태 중 제일 많은 부분을 차지하는 부분은 reducible fraction이며 다음으로 organic fraction라 residual fraction으로 나타났다. Adsorbed fraction은 중금속의 존재형태 미미한 부분으로 나타났다. 옥동천 퇴적물내 의 총 카드뮴 중 수체로 이동 가능한 부분은 $19.8{\sim}56.7%$이며, 구리, 납의 경우 대부분이 organic fraction으로 나타났다. 구리와 납의 경우 이동 가능한 형태는 납의 경우 총 납의 농도 중 $2.6{\sim}48.1%$, 구리는 $0.2{\sim}36.9%$로 나타났으며, 아연은 $0.5{\sim}48.5%$로 나타났다. 카드뮴, 아연, 구리의 경우 이동 가능한 부분 중 대부분이 reducible fraction이며, 납과 니켈의 경우 adsorbed fraction으로 나타났다. 구리와 아연의 이동이 기능한 경우는 수중의 산소의 유무에 의해 결정되며, 납이나 니켈의 경우 수중에서의 물리적 영향, 수소이온의 농도가 증가, 산소의 고갈 등에 의해 수층으로 이동할 가능성이 높다.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.233-244
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• 2002

뇌기능 장애 환자에서 자세균형 제어능력의 저하는 보행 및 일상생활동작 수행 등에 어려움을 초래하며 이에 대한 정확한 평가 및 치료를 위하여 일상의 환경변화와 유사한 상황을 제공하고 이예 따른 자세제어력을 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 뇌기능 장애환자에서 움직이는 환경에 따른 자세균형제어기능을 정확히 평가하는 환경의 움직임이 자세균형제어에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 15명의 뇌기능 장애 환자들과 정상인 15명을 대상으로 실생활과 유사한 환경의 조성을 위하여 HMD를 이용한 가상영상 환경변화(Moving Surround)를 네가지 움직임 종류에 따라 제공하였다. 자세동요의 정도는 힘판을 이용하여 신체압력중심의 변화를 전체이동거리, 동요주파수, 최대 빈도 COP 위치 등으로 측정하였으며 환경의 차이에 따른 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과 검사 재검사 신뢰도 평가에서 일관된 분석결과를 나타냈고 뇌기능장애 환자와 정상인간의 분석에서는 두 그룹간의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 전후로 빠르게 변하는 가상영상 환경에서 가장 큰 자세동요를 나타내었고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 뇌기능 장애 환자에서 가상영성 환경변화가 자세균형제어에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었으며 이러한 환자들을 위한 치료환경 조성 등에도 유용한 자료로 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2009

셀룰로오즈는 포도당 단위체가 $\beta$-1,4-glucoside결합을 이뤄 긴 사슬형태를 띈다. 또한 리그노셀룰오로직 물질에서의 셀룰로오즈 중 $50{\sim}90%$는 수소결합에 의해 결정형으로 존재하고 나머지 부분은 무정형으로 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 셀룰로오즈를 구성하는 포도당의 분해 생성물을 화인하기 위해 셀룰로오직 바이오매스 (유채대)와 1.5 g/l의 순수한 포도당을 반응온도 $164^{\circ}C$, 산 농도 0.77% (w/w) $H_2SO_4$, $0{\sim}20$ min동안 묽은 산 가수분해 시켜 분해물의 생성량 변화를 관찰하였다. 포도당을 묽은 산에 의해 분해시키면 탈수반응에 의해 1,6-anhydroglucose가 생성되며, 또한 포도당의 이성질체인 과당으로 전환되고 이 과당은 HMF와 포름산으로 전환된다. 또한 산 농도, 반응온도가 포도당 분해에 영향을 미치는 주요 변수임을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 분해생성물 중 하나인 HMF 1.308 g/l를 반응온도 $164^{\circ}C$, 산 농도 0.77% (w/w) $H_2SO_4$, $0{\sim}20$ min동안 산 가수분해 시켜 HMF와 HMF 분해물의 변화를 확인하였다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제68권6호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2010

Background: There are several active tuberculosis (TB) cases in Korean high schools each school year. The risk of transmission in schools is extremely high due to the considerable time spent in closed classrooms. We evaluated the control of latent tuberculosis infection in Korean high schools. Methods: When a student was identified with active TB, tuberculin skin testing was performed on their classmates and on students in their same school grade. When a student had a positive tuberculin skin tests (TST), they underwent follow-up testing with QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT). The manufacturer recommended a cut-off of 0.35 IU/mL to determine QFT positivity was applied. Results: A total of 131 pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients were included based on the criteria for screening TB contacts in the National Tuberculosis Control Program. Seventy-five (57.2%) students tested smear positive. TST were performed on 7,109 students who were classmates of, or in the same grade as, a TB patient. Of the contacts, 1,231 students (17.3%) were TST positive and they were screened with QFT. Six hundred-sixty-six (55.0%) of the tested students returned a positive QFT result and the rate of positivity was significantly associated with the increasing size of TST indurations (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The use of QFT resulted in approximately 45% of TST positive students not being given chemoprophylaxis.