• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.475-480
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• 2005

선박에서 발생하는 오${\cdot}$폐수를 처리하기 위하여 생물학적 질소 및 인의 제거공정으로 사용되고 있는 연속 회분식 공정을 이용하여 유기물의 제거 특성과 산소 소모량, 반응조내에서 우점하고 있는 Bacillus sp.균주의 상태를 알아보기 위하여 Lab-sacle로 수행하였다. 반응조에서 COD의 제거효율은 $92.0\%$, 암모니아성질소는 $90.0\%$, 총질소의 제거효율은 $84.0\%$, 인의 제거효율은 $93.0\%$로 나타났다. Bacillus sp.를 이용한 SBR를 사용한 선박폐수의 처리효율은 안정적이었다. 포기시에 SBR 내의 pH는 초기의 8.1에서 30분동안에 pH는 7.0으로 감소하였다. 무산소 단계인 3단계와 4단계에서 pH는 증가하기 시작하여 최종적으로 pH는 7.3으로 유지되었다. TOC제거량에 대한 슬러지 생성량은 약$0.36kg{\cdot}MLSS/kg{\cdot}TOC$으로 나타났으며 낮은 슬러지 발생율과 높은 슬러지 침강성을 나타내었다. 반응조에서 바실러스균의 평균 우점율은 $24.2\%$로 나타났고 각 반응단계에서 안정적인 처리효율을 얻을 수 있어 충분히 우점화 되었다고 판단할 수 있었다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.950-960
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to provide accurate information of household washers and detergents for consumers, so that help the producers who make washing machine and detergent to get basic material and also help consumers to choose washing machine. Experiment was proceed with two type of washers to compare energy consumption, washing performance, rinsing effectiveness further, damage caused by entanglement of laundry and fabric was assessed. Detergent P and T were used to compare the performance related to differences of ingredients of detergent. Soiled fabrics of EMPA 108 set were used to evaluate performance of washing by different types of contamination. A summary of experimental results are : First, for the consumption of water, drum-type washer consumed 53% less than pulsator-type washer. On the other hand, the washing time was almost similar for both these machines, but pulsator-type washer showed shorter progress, implying that power saving was more efficient in this case. Second, the drum-type washer showed better performance for contamination with all types of detergent, but the pulsator-type washer showed better rinsing performance. Third, the drum-type washer performed less data of tangle level and fabric damage. Fourth, detergent "P" exhibited better washing performance than did detergent "T", regardless of the type of soil. And with no limit of detergent variety, water-soluble protein soil showed high removal rate, liposoluble soil especially pigment was hardly removed.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.109-120
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• 2018

Sidestream in domestic wastewater treatment plants contains high concentration of ammonium, which increases nitrogen loading rate in the mainstream. The process for deammonification consisting of partial nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) and heterotrophic denitrification is an economical method of solving this problem. Currently, about 130 full-scale deammonification plants are fully operating around the world, but none is in Korea. In order to transfer the principal information about sidestream deammonification processes to researchers and operators, we summarized basic concepts, processes type, and key influence factors (e.g., concentration of nitrogen compounds, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and pH). This review emphasis on the processes of single-stage sequencing batch reactor (SBR) deammonification, which are widely used as full-scale plants. Since simultaneous processes of partial nitritation, ANAMMOX and heterotrophic denitrification occur in a single reactor, the single-stage SBR deammonification requires appropriate control/monitoring strategies for several operating factors (DO and pH mostly) to achieve efficient and stable operation. In future, AB-process consisting of A-stage (energy harvesting from organics) and B-stage (ammonium removal without organics) will be applied to the wastewater treatment process. Thus, we suggest mainstream deammonification for B-stage connected with the sidestream deammonification as seeding source of ANAMMOX. We expect that many researchers will become more interested in the sidestream deammonification.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1575-1579
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• 2007

The glucose tolerance and pancreatic insulin secretion response to glucose in sheep fed on germinated sorghum grain were determined using an intravenous glucose load. Twelve male Thin Tail sheep (an Indonesian native sheep, 12 months old and 14.8 kg average body weight) were divided randomly into sorghum grain-based (S), germinated sorghum grain-based (G) and maize grain-based (C) diets. Sheep were maintained at the same daily intake levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein in the diets throughout the experimental period. After two months of the experimental conditions, each diet group was subjected to an intravenous glucose load experiment in which five doses of glucose (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg BW) were injected to estimate the rate of glucose removal from blood and the pancreatic insulin secretion response. For each sheep and each glucose load dose, the incremental blood serum glucose and insulin concentrations above pre-injection concentration were calculated as serum glucose and insulin response areas. At all glucose doses, sheep fed on S diet had a greater (p<0.05) glucose response area compared to those of sheep fed on G and C diets. Likewise at all glucose doses, the insulin response area was smaller (p<0.05) in sheep fed on S diet than in sheep fed on G and C diets. The glucose and insulin response areas in sheep fed on G and C diets differed slightly. It was concluded that the portion of maize grain in the ruminant ration could be substituted by germinated sorghum grain.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.33-46
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• 1982

This experiment was carried out for the purpose of reducing alkaloid in reconstituted tobacco sheet and effluent of reconstituted tobacco sheet manufacturing company by treating oxidizing agents such as ozone, sodium hypochlorite, perchloric acid and hydrogen peroxide to tobacco extract created from the manufacturing process of reconstituted tobacco sheet. The effect of alkaloid reduction in tobacco extract by the volume added, time of treatment and pH of oxidizing agents were as follows: 1. When the solid rate of tobacco extract stood at 10 percent, the content of alkaloid, total sugar, total nitrogen and chlorine was 1,600mg/l, 11,000mg/l, 3,200mg/l and 4,000mg/l, respectively. 2. The effect of alkaloid reduction through ozone treatment was in proportion to time of ozone treatment. Alkaloid showed a 31.2 percent reduction under 8 hours' ozone treatment and 0.23g ozone consumed to remove lmg alkaloid. 3. Alkaloid reduction through sodium hypochlorite treatment was influenced by quantity of chlorine in sodium hypochlorite solution. To remove lmg alkaloid, 36.3mg chlorine was used. Reduction of alkaloid was not affected by time of sodium hypochlorite treatment, while showed the best reaction under pH 5-7. 4. The effect of alkaloid reduction by perchloric acid was under the control of the volume added and time of treatment of perchloric acid. The volume of perchloric acid required to remove alkaloid was on the decrease as time of treatment was getting longer. lmg alkaloid was removed by 0.15g perchloric acid under 8 hours' perchloric acid treatment. 5. Alkaloid reduction reacted slowly to the volume added and time of treatment of hydrogen peroxide. Under 8 hours' hydrogen peroxide treatment, it showed maximum removal, registering 10 percent alkaloid reduction.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.543-549
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• 1996

고농도 카드뮴이 함유된 배지에셔 금속 결합 단백 질인 metallothioneion 유전자로 형질전환된 재조합 S. cerevtswe BZ-pJ의 생육과 카드뮴 흡착에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 카드뮴 농도가 높아짐에 따라 재조합 효모의 lag phase가 비례적으로 길어졌으며 성장은 전반적으로 느려졌고 건조균체농도도 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 카드융 220 mg/L인 배지에서 카드뮴 제거 효율이 58.6%로서 최고치를 보였다. 카드뮴 배지에 구리가 10 mg/L의 구리가 첨가 될 경우 첨가되지 않은 경우보다 재조합 효모의 spe cific cadmium uptake는 더 높아졌고, lag phase 가 2 내지 4일 정도 더 짧아졌다. 10 mg/L의 구리가 첨가된 카드뮴 630 mg/L 배지에서 자란 재조합 효모는 52.6 mg $Cd^{2+}$/g dry cell을 축적하였다. 카드뮴 680 mg/L 배지에 구리의 첨가량이 11에서 33 mg/L로 증가됨 에 따라 specific cadmium up­t take가 17.0에서 42.0 mg $Cd^{2+}$/L dry cell로 증가하였다. 건조균체농도, specific cadmium uptake rate, 카드뮴 제거 효율 등이 전반적으로 향상되였다. 카드융 100 mg/L에서 척응한 재조합 효모가 본배양 배지로 옮겨질 때 최단기간의 lag phase를 보였지만 가장 낮은 비성장속도를 나타내였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.648-655
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• 2013

Nonpoint source pollution characteristics of recreation park was investigated. Runoff ratio of recreation park ranged 23-57%, which was lower than other urban area since impervious area was less than 37%. The average BOD, COD, TOC, SS, T-N, T-P, were 14.09, 32.86, 12.19, 121.51, 7.78 and 0.72 mg/L, respectively. First flush of recreation park was analyzed by normalized cumulative load - volume curve and mass first flush ratio(MFFn), MFF10 for BOD, COD, SS, T-P, T-N, TOC were 2.90, 1.59, 2.15, 2.74, 2.60, and 1.59, respectively. Observed data showed that 62% of pollutant could be removed by storaging 5 mm rainfall-runoff and even 3 mm depth could store up to 50% of pollutant in runoff.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2008

This study compared the pregnancy rates of Korean native donor cattle after either a timed artificial insemination (TAI) or embryo transfer (TET) following the synchronization of ovulation using a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device together with estradiol benzoate (EB) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$). Fifty five cows and 8 heifers which had been previously used for embryo production were assigned to two treatments: (1) Thirty-two cattle received a CIDR device and 2 mg EB (Day 0), 25 mg $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injection at the time of CIDR removal on Day 7, and 1 mg EB injection on Day 8. All of the cattle received a TAI 30 h (Day 9) after the second EB injection (TAI group). (2) Thirty-one cattle received the same hormonal treatments as in the TAI group. The cattle with corpus luteum (CL) received a TET on Day 16 using frozen-thawed embryos (TET group). Ultrasonographic observations demonstrated that the proportion of cattle with synchronized ovulation on Day 10 and the concomitant formation of new CL on Day 13 did not differ between groups (p>0.05); the overall mean rates were 65.1 and 73.0%, respectively. The conception and pregnancy rates did not differ (p>0.05) between the TAI (12.5% and 12.5%) and TET groups (13.0% and 9.7%), respectively. We conclude that the pregnancy rate following TAI or TET in Korean native donor cattle was poor, which might be due in part to a poor synchrony of ovulation and concomitant CL formation.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.191-195
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• 2002

Chemical mechanical Polishing (CMP) process is widely used for the global planarization of inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layer and inter-layer dielectric (ILD) for deep sub-micron technology. However, as the IMD and ILD layer gets thinner, defects such as micro-scratch lead to severe circuit failure, which affect yield. In this paper, for the improvement of CMP process, deionized water (DIW) pressure, purified $N_2$ ($PN_2$) gas, point of use (POU) slurry filler and high spray bar (HSB) were installed. Our experimental results show that DW pressure and P$N_2$ gas factors were not related with removal rate, but edge hot-spot of patterned wafer had a serious relation. Also, the filter installation in CMP polisher could reduce defects after CMP process, it is shown that slurry filter plays an important role in determining consumable pad lifetime. The filter lifetime is dominated by the defects. However, the slurry filter is impossible to prevent defect-causing particles perfectly. Thus, we suggest that it is necessary to install the high spray bar of de-ionized water (DIW) with high pressure, to overcome the weak-point of slurry filter Finally, we could expect the improvements of throughput, yield and stability in the ULSI fabrication process.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 응집공정에서 생성되는 플럭의 성상을 가시화하여 PACC의 응집 특성을 고찰하였다. 인공 원수내탁질 입자의 제타전위는 pH 8~9에서 영으로 수렴하였고 이 영역에서 TDS와 전기전도도가 최소값을 나타내 주었다. 급속 및 완속 교반의 최적 혼화강도가 관측되었으며, 특히 탁도의 제거에 있어서는 급속교반의 속도경사가 가장 낮은 $95.1sec^{-1}$에서 최대의 제거율을 나타내었다. 급속교반 후에는 $3{\sim}5{\mu}m$의 작은 입자가 급격히 생성되었으며 교반강도가 클수록 더 많은 수의 입자가 생성되었다. 완속교반이 진행될수록 $3{\sim}5{\mu}m$의 작은 입자의 수는 급격히 감소하였고 $7{\sim}21{\mu}m$의 중간 크기의 입자는 증가하는 경향을 나타내주었다. $23{\mu}m$ 보다 큰 입자의 경우는 급속교반의 속도경사가 $95.1sec^{-1}$에서 가장 많은 수가 생성되었고, $3{\sim}5{\mu}m$의 작은 입자의 경우에는 급속교반의 속도경사가 $760.7sec^{-1}$에서 가장 많이 생성되었다.