• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.604-609
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the possibilities of adopting xanthangum, guargum and ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ as cryprotectant by examining the rheological and structural properties of dough. Results of farinography showed that water absorption, development time and mechanical tolerance index in dough with the gums increased more than those of the control. It was also found that resistance in dough with the gums increased greatly, but extensibilities were similar to that of the control, resulting in increasing R/E values in the dough with the gums through extensograph. According to amylogram, gelatinization temperature of dough was $59.5^{circ}C$ and those of the dough with the gums were $58^{circ}C$. Even though maximum viscosity of the dough was 550 B.U in the control, those were 690 B.U, 780 B.U and 760 B.U in the dough with xanthangum, guargum, and ${\kappa}-carrageenan$, respectively. The control deeply increased the pH during frozen storage but the addition of ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ and xanthangum increased the pH slightly. The dough with the gums had more stable spaces than control in the microstructure through SEM.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.6425-6431
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• 2015

Invertase, that hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose, plays a great role in carbohydrate reallocation between the photosynthetic source tissue and various sink tissues. Invertase also occurs in a variety of isoforms for various functions in plants. Insoluble invertases were extracted only in buffer solutions containing high concentrations of salt. Within these classes, acid invertase has an optimum activity at acidic pH (pH 4-5). Induction of insoluble acid invertase (INAC-INV) in leaf, stem, and root tissues in response to physical wounding has been investigated. To detect the localization of INAC-INV within the plant, immunolocalization has been performed. In this study, the accumulation of INAC-INV was noticeable to reach maximum levels on 72 hr after mechanical injuries. INAC-INV was induced in wounded leaves 3 times more than control leaves. Immunolocalization results showed that INAC-INV accumulated in wall appositions and intercellular spaces. INAC-INV was also localized at sieve cell walls in phloem tissues close to the site of wounding. Taken together, this study suggested that INAC-INV induction upon wounding injuries can play a role on responses to the high energy demand for wound healing process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to conduct a descriptive survey to examine the knowledge, infection prevention behaviors, and health beliefs regarding COVID-19 and to identify factors that influence infection prevention behaviors in elementary and middle school students based on the Health Belief Model. Methods: The study included 388 elementary and middle school students in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Jeonbuk provinces. Data were collected from September 1 to September 15, 2023. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions about COVID-19 knowledge, 13 questions about infection prevention behaviors, and 15 questions about health beliefs. The collected data were subjected to multiple hierarchical regression analyses. The cronbach's α of infection prevention behaviors was 0.83, the KR-20 of COVID-19 related knowledge was 0.68, and the Cronbach's α of COVID-19 related health beliefs was 0. 78. Results: In Model 1, females showed higher levels of infection prevention behaviors than males (β=.14, p=.006) and middle school students showed lower levels of infection prevention behaviors than elementary school students (β=-.10, p=.037). In Model 2, among COVID-19-related health beliefs, barriers had a significant negative effect on infection prevention behaviors (β=-.20, p<.001) and cues to action had a significant positive effect on infection prevention behaviors (β=.14, p=.037), indicating that lower barriers and higher cues to action were associated with higher levels of infection prevention behaviors. Conclusion: The results showed that prevention behaviors were associated with lower barriers and higher cues to action among COVID-19 health beliefs. Elementary and middle school students in Korea spend a lot of time in groups at private academies or school, which are closed spaces with poor ventilation, making them vulnerable to new infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Unlike adults, infectious diseases can have serious impact on their mental and social health. Therefore, it is necessary for schools to provide accurate and timely health education about COVID-19 to increase cues to action for elementary and middle school students in order to improve their infection prevention behaviors.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.498-513
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• 2007

Since it was reported that incipient enamel caries can be recovered, previous studies have quantitatively evaluated that enamel artificial caries have been, remineralized with fluoride showing simultaneously the increase of width of surface layer and the decrease of width of the body of legion. There is, however, little report which showed that remineralization could occur without fluoride. In addition, the observations on the change of hydroxyapatite crystals also have been scarcely seen. In this study, enamel caries in intact premolars or molars was induced by using lactic acidulated buffering solutions over 2 days. Then decalcified specimens were remineralized by seven groups of solutions using different degree of saturation(0.212, 0.239, 0.301, 0.355) and different pH(5.0, 5.5, 6.0) over 10 days. A qualitative comparison to changes of hydroxyapatite crystals after fracturing teeth was made under SEM(scanning electron microscopy) and AFM(atomic force microscopy). The results were as follows: 1. The size of hydroxyapatite crystals in demineralized area was smaller than the normal ones. While the space among crystals was expanded, it was observed that crystals are arranged irregularly. 2. In remineralized enamel area, the enlarged crystals with various shape were observed when the crystals were fused and new small crystals in intercrystalline spaces were deposited. 3. Group 3 and 4 with higher degree of saturation at same pH showed the formation of large clusters by aggregation of small crystals from the surface layer to the lesion body than group 1 and 2 with relatively low degree of saturation at same pH did. Especially group 4 showed complete remineralization to the body of lesions. Group 5 and 6 with lower pH at similar degree of saturation showed remineralization to the body of lesions while group 7 didn't show it. Unlike in Group 3 and 4, Group 5 and 6 showed that each particle was densely distributed with clear appearance rather than crystals form clusters together.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.192-202
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• 2010

This study aimed to suggest the severity of indoor air pollutants in screen gold arenas which were not sufficiently investigated in Korea up to now and to help users to enjoy golf in more pleasant indoor environment. The indoor environment survey was conducted with 21 screen gold arenas in Seoul from Oct. 28, 2008 to March 13, 2009. Indoor air quality was measured and analyzed in accordance with the Air Pollution Process Test Method specified bu NIOSH(2005). The screen golf arenas are mostly in the underground floors in this study, 4 on the ground floors(19.0%) and 17 in the underground floors(81.0%). In the air in screen golf arenas, the geometric mean of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were 2.92 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 70.34 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 14.00${\mu}g/m^3$ and 31.43 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, which exceeded the exposure limites. Each arena exceeded the exposure limit for one pollutant each. However, styrene didn't exceed the limit as 8.09 ${\mu}g/m^3$. Furthermore, the geometric mean of formaldehyde was 63.11${\mu}g/m^3$ and 7 arenas exceeded the limit. The geometric mean of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) was 428.41${\mu}g/m^3$ and 10 arenas exceeded the limit. For the density distribution of pollutants by location, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene and formaldehyde showed higher density distribution in underground spaces, for which the statistically significant difference was not found. However, PM10 showed the statistically significant difference (p<0.05). In accordance with the analysis on the correlation between the density of pollutants in the screen golf arenas, Pearson correlation coefficient between ethylbenzene and styrene was 0.980, very significant correlation(p<0.01). The correlation coefficients between the density of toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and styrene and that of VOCs were 0.543, 0.434, 0.451 and 0.459, respectively, which demonstrated the statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2021

Antibiotics are compounds broadly used to treat patients with infectious diseases and to enhance productivity in agriculture, fisheries, and livestock industries. However, due to the overuse of antibiotics and their low biodegradability, a substantial amount of antibiotics is leaking into the sewer, subsequently resulting in pollution and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study explores biodegradable serum albumin's potential as an adsorbent to remove antibiotics from water. Serum albumin is a natural blood protein that transports various metabolites and hormones to all tissues' extravascular spaces. While serum albumin is highly water-soluble, it has intrinsic binding sites which readily accommodate ionic, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic molecules, rendering it a good building block for a nano-adsorbent. To induce coacervation, a desolvating agent, ethanol, was added dropwise into the aqueous albumin solution, resulting in dehydration and liquid-liquid phase separation of albumins into albumin nanoparticles within a size range of 150 ~ 170 nm. The addition of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker improved the size stability and homogeneity of albumin nanoparticles. Adsorption of amoxicillin antibiotics on albumin nanoparticles was dependent upon glutaraldehyde concentration used in desolvation and pH during adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity measured by spectrophotometry was found to be 12.4 micrograms of amoxicillin per milligram of albumin nanoparticle. These results demonstrate serum albumin's potential as a building block for fabricating a natural nano-adsorbent to remove antibiotics from water.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.802-815
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• 2021

To investigate the effect of postmortem phases on lamb meat quality, the physicochemical quality, microstructure and water mobility of oyster cut, short loin, knuckle and silverside muscles from Small-Tail Han sheep were evaluated in the pre-rigor, rigor mortis and post-rigor phases. Pre-rigor lamb meat had higher pH and water holding capacity (WHC), whereas lower CIE L^*, b^*, hue angle values than rigor mortis and post-rigor meat (p<0.05). The Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values were higher in rigor mortis short loin and silverside than their pre-rigor and post-rigor counterparts, pre-rigor short loin had lower WBSF value than its post-rigor counterpart (p<0.05). Muscle fibers shrank laterally and longitudinally during the onset of rigor mortis. Rigor mortis and postrigor lamb meat exhibited wide I-bands, dark A-bands, short sarcomeres and large inter-myofibrillar spaces. The shift of immobilized water to free water and repulsion from the intra-myofibrillar space to the extracellular space result in the increase of water loss in rigor mortis and post-rigor lamb meat. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that rigor mortis and post-rigor lamb meat had similar quality properties but different from pre-rigor lamb meat. In conclusion, the lamb meat in the pre-rigor phase had good tenderness, color and WHC. The results of this research could provide some theoretical references for lamb meat production and processing.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.41-48
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to provide foundational knowledge of how to enhance the user satisfaction of urban parks. The study seeks to identify essential factors that influence user satisfaction and to provide better design strategies for future park design as well as the reorganization of existing ones. To measure user satisfaction, this study used factor analysis to extract essential factors - facility conditions, landscape and scenery, safety, and kindness - by using data from a survey conducted by the city of Seoul in 2017. We then used a regression analysis to infer causal relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variables (user satisfaction). The results revealed that the most significantly and positively related variable to user satisfaction in urban parks was safety (${\beta}=0.276$, p<.000), followed by landscape and scenery (${\beta}=0.230$, p<.000), facility conditions (${\beta}=0.215$, p<.000), and kindness (${\beta}=0.208$, p<.000). The results indicate that, for future urban park designs, planners and designers should prioritize the issues of safety by adopting crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). In addition, planners and designers of future park designs should heavily weigh the selection and provision of relevant facilities for the intended use as well as well-arranged and well-managed plants and trees. Based on the results of IPA analysis, the most urgent improvement elements appeared to be the factor of kindness; however, the impact of kindness influencing user satisfaction was less important than that of safety and landscape and scenery in the urban park design processes. This study demonstrates that to maximize the user satisfaction of the urban park design processes and to provide more valuable spaces for users, it is necessary to secure park safety and to create well-composed landscape and scenery. Future research should provide more detailed and specified urban park design strategies corresponding with the importance of the factors identified in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.83-94
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• 2023

This study analyzed the satisfaction of green infrastructure around 39 dams, including multi-purpose dams, water dams, and flood control reservoir dams, to induce space improvement in terms of sustainability, and the results of the study are as follows. First, the satisfaction level based on the Likert scale of 5 points for the currently created dam green infrastructure was 3.76, and there were differences depending on the respondents' gender, age, residence, number of dam visits, and the need to pursue sustainability, and it was analyzed to be statistically significant. In the case of gender, p<.05, age, residence, number of dam visits, and the need to pursue sustainability were found to be p<.01. Regression analysis was conducted to confirm the effect of these respondents' characteristics on satisfaction, and it was analyzed that only the number of dam visits and the need to pursue sustainability had a statistically significant effect, and other characteristic variables had no significant effect. Second, in terms of satisfaction with the conceptual image of public bridge, view place and play space, which are the main spaces of dam green infrastructure considering sustainability, view place was the highest at 4.43, the play space was 4.35 and public bridge was analyzed as 4.21. The t-test result for the satisfaction of each space was found to be p<.01, and the difference in values was analyzed to be significant. The difference from the current satisfaction with green infrastructure was also analyzed as p<.00, showing a statistically significant difference. Third, as a way to revitalize green infrastructure around the dam through the results of satisfaction analysis, it is necessary to identify needs for major visitors in their 40s and 50s and create a space considering them. It was proposed to derive facilities and programs that can be introduced to other regions through the analysis of green infrastructure status around dams in Chungbuk, Jeonju, and Ulsan, where there are relatively many dams. Furthermore, satisfaction analysis by space showed that green infrastructure around the dam could be activated in terms of sustainability when selecting packaging materials considering the structure and shape of the dam, arranging observation facilities considering lake prospects, and introducing amusement facilities using local environmental resources. This study differs from previous studies in that it presented space improvement measures in consideration of sustainability for green infrastructure around dams for non-urban areas, and space improvement can contribute to improving it connectivity in urban and non-urban areas, which can also contribute to improving the sustainability of green infrastructure in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 1972

Experimental studies on the water content of muscles and the histological changes of muscles, digestive tract and kidney, influenced by forced oral administration of excessive tap water, were performed by using 10 Korean bulls. Experimental animals were divided into two groups, five heads for test group and five for control group. All of the bulls used in this experiment were weighing between 250 kg and 300 kg and 3 and 4 years of age. In each test animal, a total of 140 litters of tap water was passed in the forestomach by means of catheterization within 12 to 18 hours. And each of them was slaughtered immediately after the animals showing symptoms of respiratory distress. In control group, the animals were allowed to drink tap water normally. From test and control animals after slaughter, each 10 gm of M. biceps femoris, M. satorius, M. adductor, M. gluteous supercialis, M. iliocostalis lumborum, and M. transversus costarum were taken from definite parts in order to measure water content. In the histopathological studies tissues of rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, colon and kidney were taken as wall as the above mentioned muscles. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Increase of water content in the muscles of test group were 4.6% in M. satorius, 4.24% in M. transversus costarum, 4.14% in M. gluteous supercialis, 4.02% in M. adductor, 3.88% in M. biceps femoris, and 2.46% in M. iliocostalis lumborum respectively. The highest increase was found in M. satorius and the lowest in M. iliocostalis lumborum. 2. In test animal, average increasing value of water content in muscles was 3.9% and shown highly significant (p<0.01). 3. On the microscopical findings of carcass, marked watery edema was observed all of the subcutaneous tissues and intermuscular connective tissues. 4. Microscopically, the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium were widened, and the muscle fibers were lacerated. The cells of stratum lucidum in the epithelium of rumen and reticulum were shown marked vacuolization. In the kidney, dilatation of Bowman's spaces and proximal tubles was observed.