• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.437-442
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• 2009

Objective : To characterize perioperative biomechanical changes after thoracic spine surgery. Methods : Fifty-eight patients underwent spinal instrumented fusions and simple laminectomies on the thoracolumbar spine from April 2003 to October 2008. Patients were allocated to three groups; namely, the laminectomy without fusion group (group I, n = 17), the thoracolumbar fusion group (group II, n = 27), and the thoracic spine fusion group (group III, n = 14). Sagittal (ADS) and coronal (ADC) angles for adjacent segments were measured from two disc spaces above lesions at the upper margins, to two disc spaces below lesions at the lower margins. Sagittal (TLS) and coronal (TLC) angles of the thoracolumbar junction were measured from the lower margin of the 11th thoracic vertebra body to the upper margin of the 2nd lumbar vertebra body on plane radiographs. Adjacent segment disc heights and disc signal changes were determined using simple spinal examinations and by magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical outcome indices were determined using a visual analog scale. Results : The three groups demonstrated statistically significant differences in terms of angle changes by ANOVA (p<0.05). All angles in group I showed significantly smaller angles changes than in groups II and III by Turkey's multiple comparison analysis. Coronal Cobb's angles of the thoracolumbar spine (TLC) were not significantly different in the three groups. Conclusion : Postoperative sagittal balance is expected to change in the adjacent and thoracolumbar areas after thoracic spine fusion. However, its prevalence seems to be higher when the thoracolumbar spine is included in instrumented fusion.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2017

The main purpose of the study was to clarify the properties of individual particles collected at each behavior space of a factory worker. The samplings of size-segregated ($PM_{2.1-1.1}$ and $PM_{4.7-3.3}$) indoor particles were conducted at three different behavior spaces of a factory worker who is engaged in an auto parts manufacturing plant (i.e., his home, his work place in factory, and his favorite restaurant). Elemental specification (i.e., relative elemental content and distribution in and/or on individual particles) was performed by a micro-PIXE system. Every element detected from the coarse particulate matters of home was classified into three groups, i.e., a group of high net-counts (Na, Al, and Si), a group of intermediate net-counts (Mg, S, Cl, K, and Ca), and a group of minor trace elements (P, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb). The results of EF for $PM_{4.7-3.3}$ in home indicated that several heavy metals were generated from the sources within the house itself. An exceptional feature shown in the individual particles in workplace is that Cr, Mn, and Co were clearly detected in both fine and coarse particles. Cluster analysis suggested that the individual coarse particles ($PM_{4.7-3.3}$) collected at the indoor of factory were chemically heterogeneous and they modified with sea-salt, mineral, and artificially derived elements. The principal components in individual coarse particles collected at restaurant were sea-salt and mineral without mixing with harmful trace elements like chromium and manganese. Compared to the indoor fine particles of home and restaurant, many elements, especially, Cl, Na, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn showed overwhelmingly high net-counts in those of factory.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 1995

Anatomical and biochemical changes of the corn root injured by the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus vulnus, were examined to understand the interactions between the nematode and the crop which can be applied to a breeding program for nematode-resistant crop. The nematode and the crop which can be applied to be a breeding program for nematode-resistant crop. The nematode entered the cortex of corn root through its epidemis. They moved to other cortical cells by breaking their cell walls. They, finally, gathered around the endodermis of the roots and the bases of the root hairs. Parasitism of the nematode formed cavities within the root tissues where the females laid eggs. Major root damage by the nematode occurred in the cortical cells where must cell walls were broken and crushed to form empty spaces. These empty spaces in the base of the root resulted in this breakdown. Damage-induced biochemical changes of the corn roots were analysed by their total protein patterns and esterase activities in both control and nematode-infected roots. Denaturing gel did not show any significant difference in the banding patterns between them. Esterase patterns and activities, also, were not significantly different between the infected and the control roots.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.307-314
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• 2019

Background: We measured the weight characteristics, intercellular space volume as a proportion of root volume, and quantities of the functional component in Angelica gigas Nakai, collected from four cultivation areas in Pyeongchang, including Tapdong-ri and SangjinBu-ri, and tested the results for correlations. Methods and Results: Dry weight was the highest in the Tapdong-ri group ($13.37{\pm}0.13g$) and the lowest in the SangjinBu-ri group ($11.90{\pm}0.57g$). The percentage of intercellular spaces within the roots, determined by micro-CT camera, was the highest in the Tapdong-ri group ($6.44{\pm}0.76%$) and the lowest in the SangjinBu-ri group ($9.01{\pm}2.15%$). The quantity of functional components were the highest in the Tapdong-ri group ($116.13{\pm}9.53mg/g$) and the lowest in the SangjinBu-ri group ($99.77{\pm}23.23mg/g$). Conclusions: The dry weight of A. gigas significantly correlated with the volume and percentage of intercellular space. An increase in the dry weight resulted in a negative correlation between the volume and ratio of the intercellular spaces. The volume of intercellular space correlated negatively with levels of the functional components, this was significant in the case of the nodakenin, decursin and decursinol angelate content (p < 0.016).

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.25 no.1_2
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• pp.17-33
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• 2007

Suppose F is an arbitrary field. Let ${\mid}F{\mid}$ be the number of the elements of F. Let $T_{n}(F)$ be the space of all $n{\times}n$ upper-triangular matrices over F. A map ${\Psi}\;:\;T_{n}(F)\;{\rightarrow}\;T_{n}(F)$ is said to preserve idempotence if $A-{\lambda}B$ is idempotent if and only if ${\Psi}(A)-{\lambda}{\Psi}(B)$ is idempotent for any $A,\;B\;{\in}\;T_{n}(F)$ and ${\lambda}\;{\in}\;F$. It is shown that: when the characteristic of F is not 2, ${\mid}F{\mid}\;>\;3$ and $n\;{\geq}\;3,\;{\Psi}\;:\;T_{n}(F)\;{\rightarrow}\;T_{n}(F)$ is a map preserving idempotence if and only if there exists an invertible matrix $P\;{\in}\;T_{n}(F)$ such that either ${\Phi}(A)\;=\;PAP^{-1}$ for every $A\;{\in}\;T_{n}(F)\;or\;{\Psi}(A)=PJA^{t}JP^{-1}$ for every $P\;{\in}\;T_{n}(F)$, where $J\;=\;{\sum}^{n}_{i-1}\;E_{i,n+1-i}\;and\;E_{ij}$ is the matrix with 1 in the (i,j)th entry and 0 elsewhere.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.75.2-75
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• 2003

To develop an effective protection strategy against tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), tobacco plants expressing single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv), were established. A previous had shown that the replication activity of viral replicase was inhibited by the selected scFvs. Moreover, no systemic symptom was found after virus inoculation on leaves of wt N. benthamiana infiltrated with an Agrobacterium suspension resulting i3l expression of the scFvs. However, control plants showed systemic symptoms. In this study the localization of the scFvs within two transgenic plant lines, (CP28H3, CP-P55) was demonstrated using immunogold labelling. The gold particles, indicating the presence of scFv, were mostly found In the cytoplasm of the plant cells including chloroplasts and in the cell walls. However, they were hardly found in the vacuole, nucleoplasm and intercellular spaces. Gold particles often accumulated in either the cytosol or chloroplasts showing a specific labeling, There was no difference in type of gold labeling between both transgenic lines. The localization of the scFv in the cytoplasm further conforms the inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) by the selected scFv because it is known that the RdRp is localized to membraneous cytosolic structures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.142-154
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• 1998

A stirling engine is a mechanism used to convert heat to power and operates on a closed regenerative thermodynamic cycle with compression and expansion of the working fluid at different temperature. The performance of a stilting cycle machine is a function of six independent parameters, namely; (1) speed N(r.p.m), (2) pressure of the working fluid p(Pa), (3) ratio of the temperature in the compression and expansion space ${\tau}(=T_C/T_E)$ , (4) ratio of the swept volumes in these two spaces K, (5) phase angle $\alpha$ and (6) dead volume ratio X. This paper describes the procedure and presents the results of computations carried out to establish the optimum combinations of these six parameters for maximum engine output for the machine acting as a prime mover, over a combined temperature range from $300^{\circ}K$ to $1000^{\circ}K$ and dead volume ratio X ranging from 0.1 to 2.0. The output of a stilting cycle machine can be expressed in terms of nondimensional power in several different ways. Four methods were studied in detail, the parameters optimized and design charts and engine power charts prepared. The results of this paper may be useful as a guide to the likely effects on the performance of some of the important design parameters and regenerator design.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 2010

A Banach space operator A $\in$ B(X) is polaroid if the isolated points of the spectrum of A are poles of the resolvent of A; A is hereditarily polaroid, A $\in$ ($\mathcal{H}\mathcal{P}$), if every part of A is polaroid. Let $X^n\;=\;\oplus^n_{t=i}X_i$, where $X_i$ are Banach spaces, and let A denote the class of upper triangular operators A = $(A_{ij})_{1{\leq}i,j{\leq}n$, $A_{ij}\;{\in}\;B(X_j,X_i)$ and $A_{ij}$ = 0 for i > j. We prove that operators A $\in$ A such that $A_{ii}$ for all $1{\leq}i{\leq}n$, and $A^*$ have the single-valued extension property have spectral properties remarkably close to those of Jordan operators of order n and n-normal operators. Operators A $\in$ A such that $A_{ii}$ $\in$ ($\mathcal{H}\mathcal{P}$) for all $1{\leq}i{\leq}n$ are polaroid and have SVEP; hence they satisfy Weyl's theorem. Furthermore, A+R satisfies Browder's theorem for all upper triangular operators R, such that $\oplus^n_{i=1}R_{ii}$ is a Riesz operator, which commutes with A.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.279-289
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• 2011

Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space with a uniformly Gateaux differentiable norm, C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E and f : $C{\rightarrow}C$ be a fixed bounded continuous strong pseudocontraction with the coefficient ${\alpha}{\in}(0,1)$. Let $\{{\lambda}_t\}_{0<t<1}$ be a net of positive real numbers such that ${\lim}_{t{\rightarrow}0}{\lambda}_t={\infty}$ and S = {$T(s)$ : $0{\leq}s$ < ${\infty}$} be a nonexpansive semigroup on C such that $F(S){\neq}{\emptyset}$, where F(S) denotes the set of fixed points of the semigroup. Then sequence {$x_t$} defined by $x_t=tf(x_t)+(1-t)\frac{1}{{\lambda}_t}{\int_{0}}^{{\lambda}_t}T(s)x{_t}ds$ converges strongly as $t{\rightarrow}0$ to $\bar{x}{\in}F(S)$, which solves the following variational inequality ${\langle}(f-I)\bar{x},\;p-\bar{x}{\rangle}{\leq}0$ for all $p{\in}F(S)$.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.51-58
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• 2011

As it gets nearer to the modern society, social and cultural situations are changing and the spatial form of public space is changing into the complex structure where it is interlinked with each other diversely. In particular, as the development of large-scale complex spreads nationwide, the form of complex commercial space assuming the nature of malls appears prominently. In such a large-scale complex commercial space, the diverse visual elements make the environment difficult to be perceived. Like this, the attention in the commercial space where a variety of visual stimuli are in the presence, is important element, so the plan of VP(visual presentation) is needed for effectively selecting or inducing the space. Thus, in this study, human visual and perception process will be reviewed and a method to evaluate the attention will be proposed. Also, the attention of each stores in the complex commercial spaces will be evaluated to propose the indicators for resonable spatial panning in the future.