• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of water temperature and photoperiod on the oxygen consumption of the fasting juvenile Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (mean body weight 79.9${\pm}$2.0 g) in order to quantify metabolic response of the species under given conditions. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of G. macrocephalus was measured under a combination of four different water temperatures (7, 10, 13 and $16^{\circ}C$) and three different photoperiods (24L:0D, 12L:12D and 0L:24D) with an interval of 5 minutes over a 24-hour period using a closed recirculating respirometer. Three replicates were set up in each treatment. OCRs increased with increased water temperatures under all photoperiod conditions (P<0.001). Mean OCRs at 7, 10, 13 and 16oC ranged from 793.7~1108.4, 1145.7~1570.3, 1352.8~1742.5 and 1458.2~1818.6 mg $O_2$ $kg^{-1}$ $h^{-1}$, respectively. Under all water temperature conditions except $7^{\circ}C$ (P<0.001), mean OCRs of G. macrocephalus were the highest in continuous light (24L:0D) followed by 12L:12D and 0L:24D photoperiods. Mean OCRs of fish exposed to the 12L:12D photoperiod were significantly higher during the light phase than during the dark phase under all temperature conditions (P<0.001). $Q_{10}$ values ranged from 3.19~5.13 between 7 and $10^{\circ}C$, 1.41~1.74 between 10 and $13^{\circ}C$ and 1.15~1.35 between 13 and $16^{\circ}C$, respectively. Based on overall results, water temperature, photoperiod and their combinations exerted a significant influence on the metabolic rate of juvenile cod. This study provides empirical data for estimating the amount of oxygen demand and managing the culture of cod under the given water temperatures and photoperiods.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 2006

The effect of water temperature and photoperiod on the oxygen consumption of the fasted juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus was investigated to provide empirical data for the early-stage culture management and bioenergetic growth model of the species. The mean body weight of the juvenile used for the experiment was $21.5{\pm}1.9g$, and the oxygen consumption rate was measured under four water temperatures (10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) and three photoperiods (24L:0D, 12L:12D and OL:24D) with an interval of 5 minutes for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. In each treatment three replicates were set up and 15 juveniles were totally involved. The oxygen consumption rates increased with increasing water temperature under all photoperiod treatments (P<0.001). Mean oxygen consumption rates at 10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged $202.1{\sim}403.4,\;306.7{\sim}502.2,\;536.7{\sim}791.0\;and\;879.9{\sim}1,077.4mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$, respectively. $Q_{10}$ values ranged $1.58{\sim}2.30$ between 10 and $15^{\circ}C,\;2.44{\sim}3.06$ between 15 and $20^{\circ}C\;and\;1.86{\sim}2.6y9$ between 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Mean oxygen consumption rates of O. fasciatus were the highest in continuous light (24L:0D) followed by 12L:12D and 0L:24D (P<0.001). The oxygen consumption of fish exposed to the 12L:12D photoperiod was significantly higher during the light phase than during the dark phase under all temperature treatments (P<0.001). In summary, oxygen consumption rates of the juvenile parrot fish increase with increasing water temperature and lengthening daylight period; and, thereby, changes in water quality resulted from the depletion of oxygen under high temperature and long daylight photoperiod conditions should be monitored.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2014

The black scraper Thamnaconus modestus was a commercially important fish species in the 1980s, but suddenly its commercial significance decreased in the 1990s mainly due to continuous overfishing. Recently, in order to reverse the depleted stocks of the black scraper and help the species recover, seed production technology has emerged. This has led to the farming of the black scraper in several parts of the southern coast of Korea. Since detailed research on its metabolism in relation to water temperature has been scanty, this was the investigative focus of the present study. The standard metabolism rates of the black scraper (9-10 months old, total length=$22.6{\pm}0.8cm$, wet weight=$140.3{\pm}13.9g$) were measured at seven different water temperature settings (12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 26, $28^{\circ}C$) to understand the relationship between metabolism and water temperature. Relationships between water temperature (WT) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were obtained as SOCR (weight-specific oxygen consumption rate) = 0.0117WT - 0.0135 ($r^2=0.9351$) and IOCR (oxygen consumption rate per individual) = 1.8160WT - 5.4007 ($r^2$ = 9428). The $Q_{10}$ (temperature sensitivity), an indicator of the sensitivity of biological function to temperature, was analyzed. In our experiment, when the water temperature increased, the $Q_{10}$ value decreased. The $Q_{10}$ value was 6.27 in waters where the temperature ranged from $12-15^{\circ}C$ and this was much higher than the values obtained in waters where temperatures ranged between (1) $15-23^{\circ}C$ and (2) $23-28^{\circ}C$. Consequently, it was shown that the black scraper is a warm water species and inhabiting waters in the temperature range from $15-28^{\circ}C$ is deemed appropriate.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three water temperatures (15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) in combination with three salinities (0, 15 and 30 psu) on the oxygen consumption rate of juvenile spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus (mean body weight $5.5{\pm}0.3g$). The oxygen consumption rates of L. maculatus were measured in triplicate for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. Water temperature resulted in significant differences in the mean oxygen consumption rate of L. maculatus (p<0.001), but salinity and combinations of salinity and water temperature did not have (p>0.05). The oxygen consumption increased with increasing water temperatures in all experimental salinity regimes (p<001). Mean oxygen consumption rates at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged 328.8~342.3, 433.9~441.0 and 651.5~659.9 mg $O_2\;kg^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. $Q_{10}$ values did not vary with salinity, bud varied with water temperature. $Q_{10}$ values ranged 1.63~1.75 between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, 2.24~2.26 between 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, and 1.92~1.98 over the full temperature range. The energy loss by metabolic cost increased with increasing water temperatures in all experimental salinity regimes (p<0.001) Mean energy loss rates at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged 224.6~233.8, 296.3~301.2 and $444.9{\sim}450.7kJ\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$, respectively. These data suggest that the culture of juvenile spotted sea bass is possible without energy loss by salinity difference in freshwater as well as seawater after salinity acclimation. Thus, this result has an application for culture management and bioenergetic model for growth of this species.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

The effect of water temperature (T) and body weight (W) on oxygen consumption of fasted starry flounder Platichthys stellatus was investigated in order to assess the metabolic response of this species at given conditions. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured under six different water temperatures (4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$) and at two different body weights (mean weight of fry group : 1.5 g; fingerling group : 37.4 g) at an interval of 5 minutes for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. In each treatment three replicates were set up and a total 540 fish in fry groups and 90 fish in fingerling groups were used. The OCRs increased with increase of water temperature in both groups (p<0.001). Mean OCRs at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$ were 1386.0, 1601.7, 1741.0, 1799.2, 2239.1 and $2520.3mg\;O_2\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in fry groups, and 83.8, 111.4, 126.3, 147.1, 187.7 and $221.3mg\;O_2\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in fingerling groups, respectively. The OCRs decreased with increasing body weights at six different water temperatures (p<0.001). The relationship between water temperature and body weight is described by the following equation : OCR=1520.91+40.85T-49.22W ($r^2=0.95$, p<0.001). The energy loss by metabolic response increased with an increase in water temperature and a decrease in body weight (p<0.001). Mean energy loss rates by oxygen consumption at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$ were 907.9, 1046.5, 1141.6, 1177.0, 1467.3 and $1650.1kJ\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ in fry groups and 54.8, 73.0, 82.9, 96.2, 122.9 and $144.6kJ\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ in fingerling groups, respectively. The $Q_{10}$ values of fingerling groups were higher than those of fry groups at given temperature ranges. The $Q_{10}$ values at $4{\sim}7^{\circ}C$, $7{\sim}10^{\circ}C$, $10{\sim}13^{\circ}C$, $13{\sim}16^{\circ}C$ and $16{\sim}19^{\circ}C$ were 1.62, 1.32, 1.12, 2.07 and 1.48 in fry groups, and 2.59, 1.52, 1.67, 2.25 and 1.73 in fingerling groups, respectively.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four water temperatures (10, 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$) in combination with three photoperiods (24L:0D, 12L: 12D, and OL:24D) on the oxygen consumption rate of juvenile dark-banded rockfish, Sebastes inermis (mean body weight $20.5{\pm}0.7g$). The oxygen consumption rates of S. inermis were measured in triplicate for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. Different combinations of water temperatures and photoperiods resulted in significant differences in the mean oxygen consumption rate of S. inermis (P<0.001). The oxygen consumption increased with increasing water temperatures for all photoperiod treatments (P<0.01). Mean oxygen consumption rates at 10, 15,20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged $178.3\sim283.5,\;386.7\sim530.7,\;529.2\sim754.3$ and $590.0\sim785.5mg\;O_2kg^{-1}h^{-1}$, respectively. $Q_{10}$ values ranged $3.17\sim5.51$ between 10 and $15^{\circ}C,\;1.87\sim2.10$ between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$ and $1.08\siml.24$ between 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Fish held in continuous darkness (OL:24D) used consistently less okygen than fish exposed to continuous light (P<0.05). The mean oxygen consumption offish in a 12L:12D photoperiod was higher than that offish in 24L:0D and 0L:24D photoperiods under all temperature treatments except $10^{\circ}C$. The oxygen consumption of fish exposed to the 12L:12D photoperiod was significantly higher during the light phase than during the dark phase under all temperature treatments except $10^{\circ}C\;(P<0.05)$. This study provides empirical data for estimating oxygen consumption of S. inermis under given condition. This result has application for culture management and bioenergetic model for growth of this species.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

The effect of water temperature (T) and body weight (W) on the oxygen consumption of the fasted black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli was investigated to provide empirical data for the culture management and bioenergetic growth model of this species. The mean wet body weights of two fish groups used for the present experiment were $12.9{\pm}2.7g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) and $351.1{\pm}9.2g$. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured under three water temperature regimes (15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) at an interval of 5 minutes for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. In each treatment three replicates were set up and 45 fish in small size groups and 6 fish in large size groups were used. The OCRs increased with increasing water temperature in both size groups (p<0.001). Mean OCRs at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ were 414.2, 691.5 and $843.8mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$ in small size groups, and 182.0, 250.7 and $328.2mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$ in large size groups, respectively. The OCRs decreased with increasing body weights in three water temperature groups (p<0.001). The mass effect on metabolic rate can be expressed by the power of 0.69~0.75. The data are best described by the relationship: OCR=89.12+28.79T-1.17W. $Q_{10}$ values ranged 1.90~2.79 between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, 1.49~1.71 between 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, and 1.80~2.03 over the full temperature range, respectively. The energy loss by metabolic cost increased with increasing water temperature and decreasing body weight (p<0.001). Mean energy loss rates by oxygen consumption at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ were 282.9, 472.3 and $576.3kJ\;kg^{-1}d^{-1}$ in small size groups and 124.3, 171.3 and $224.1kJ\;kg^{-1}d^{-1}$ in large size groups, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 1994

We evaluated the effect of nicotinamide on cellular $O_{2}$ consumption and metabolic status i.e., adenylate phosphates and $NAD^{+}$in-vitro, and changes in blood flow in-vivo, to determine whether changes in cellular metabolism or increased oxygen availability, was responsible for increased tumor oxygenation. Thirty min, pre-incubation of cells with$\∼$4mM (= 500mg/kg) nicotinamide resulted in no change in cellular $O_{2}$ consumption. Similarly neither the adenylate Phosphates nor the cellular $NAD^{+}$levels were altered in the presence of $\∼$4mM nicontinamide. In-vivo, nicotinamide (500mg/kg) increased $O_{2}$ availability as estimated by changes in relative tumor blood flow (RBC flux). The changes in RBC flux measured by the laser Doppler method, were tumor volume dependent and increased from$\∼$35$ \% $ in$\∼$ 150$mm_{3}$tumors to$\∼$~75$ \% $ in$\∼$500$mm^{3}$ tumors. In conclusion, these observations indicate a reduction in local tissue $O_{2}$ consumption is not a mechanism of improved tumor oxygenation by nicotinamide in FSa II murine tumor model. The primary mechanism of increased $pO_{2}$ appears to be an increased local tumor blood flow.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2009

This study investigated oxygen consumption rate (OCR), $Q_{10}$ coefficient and ammonia excretion rate of the greenling, Hexagrammos otakii Jordan et Starks with the average body weight of 250 g in a semi-recirculated respiratory measuring system. The experiment was done under three different water temperatures (10, 15, $20^{\circ}C$) and five different ambient ammonia concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/L). As the water temperature and ambient ammonia concentration increased the OCR has significantly increased (P<0.05). Given experimental conditions, the OCR of greenling were $50.8{\sim}159.4\;mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$ and the relationship of water temperature (T) and ambient ammonia concentration (C) on the OCR were following: OCR = 41.3 - 1.87T - 7.38C + $0.463T^2$ + $0.66lC^2$ + 0.642TC - $0.011T^3$ - $0.010C^2$ - $0.031TC^2$ - $0.001T^2$C ($r^2$= 0.9226). $Q_{10}$ coefficients were $1.88{\sim}3.50$ for $10^{\circ}C$ to $15^{\circ}C$, $1.03{\sim}2.73$ for $15^{\circ}C$ to $20^{\circ}C$ and $1.40{\sim}1.90$ for $10^{\circ}C$ to $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. In general, the ammonia excretion rate tended to increase with increasing of the water temperature within normal ambient ammonia concentration. However, interestingly, it was observed that ammonia was absorbed rather than excreted above the ambient ammonia concentration of $2.5\;mg\;L^{-1}$, regardless of the water temperature. Thus, the largest ammonia absorption rate (AAR) was obserbed at the level of $98.4\;mg\;TAN\;kg^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$. The relationship ambient ammonia concentration (C) on AAR was following: Y = 1.61 + $10.9X^{0.7}$ ($r^2$ = 0.889).

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.213-224
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• 2021

Experiments were performed to investigate changes in metabolic rate (MO₂), critical oxygen saturation (S_crit) and hematological parameters of black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli exposed to hypoxia at 15, 20 and 25℃. The MO₂ was measured at an interval of 10 min using intermittent-flow respirometry. The normoxic standard metabolic rate (SMR) was 116.5±5.5, 188.6±4.2 and 237.4±6.8 mg O₂/kg/hr, and S_crit was 22.1±1.2, 30.6±1.5 and 41.9±1.4% air saturation at 15, 20 and 25℃, respectively. Q₁₀ values were 2.62 between 15 and 20℃, 1.58 between 20 and 25℃, and 2.04 over the full temperature range. In the investigation of blood (hematocrit and hemoglobin) and biochemical parameters (plasma cortisol, glucose, electrolyte and osmolality), the rockfish were subjected to S_crit for each temperature during 4 hr. All of hematological parameters of the rockfish exposed to hypoxic water were significantly higher than those of normoxic control. Moreover, blood and biochemical parameters of the rockfish maintained to normoxic water showed the tendency of increase with temperature, and were significantly higher at 25C. As a result of this experiment, it was found that physiological stress due to hypoxia increased at high temperature.