• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.135-145
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), anti-oxLDL, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in hyperlipidemic patients with periodontal disease. Methods: This study included 123 patients with hyperlipidemia categorized based on metabolic control as mild to moderate (H1) (n=66) or poor (H2) (n=57), as well as systemically healthy controls (C) (n=68). Serum levels of lipids, oxLDL, anti-oxLDL, and MPO were evaluated, along with clinical periodontal parameters. Results: The percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP%) and the clinical attachment level were significantly higher in the H2 group than in the C group. Patients with hyperlipidemia had a relatively high risk of developing periodontal disease. The oxLDL and anti-oxLDL levels were higher in H2 patients with periodontitis than in the control or H1 patients with periodontitis. In the H1 and H2 groups, the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein was significantly correlated with gingival index, BOP%, and oxLDL levels. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the lipoprotein-associated inflammatory mediators of oxLDL, anti-oxLDL, and MPO may play an important role in the relationship between periodontal disease and hyperlipidemia.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 1996

The methanol extract of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai (Compositae) was examined on the in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL). It is well known that LDL oxidation induced artherosclerosis, if we can protect LDL oxidation process, excess plasma lipoprotein accumulation into the arterial lesion prone areas can be blocked. The methanol extract was treated with oxidized LDL which was incubated with $16\;{\mu}M$ $Cu^{2+}$ for metal catalyzed oxidation and TBA value, mobility on agarose gel and formation of conjugated diene and change of vitamin E were determined for the evaluation. The extract showed antioxidative effect at concentration $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ on LDL oxidation.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.313-319
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• 2000

A crucial and causative role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is believed to be the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL). The oxidation of LDL involves released free radical driven lipid peroxidation. Several lines of evidence support the role of oxidized LDL in atherogenesis. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between an increased intake of dietary antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamin E and vitamin C and reduced morbidity and mortality from coronary artery diseases. It is thus hypothesized that dietary antioxidants may help prevent the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The oxidation of LDL has been shown to be reduced by antioxidants, and, in animal models, improved antioxidants may offer possibilities for the prevention of atherosclerosis. The results of several on going long randomized intervention trials will provide valuahle information on the efficacy and safety of improved antioxidants in the prevention of atherosclerosis. This review a evaluates current literature involving antioxidants and vascular disease, with a particular focus on the potential mechanisms.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to evaluate an antioxidative activity of silymarin and silybin obtained from Silybum marianum against oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL). The electrophoretic mobility observed apparently was higher phase for LDL oxidized by macrophages compared to native LDL. Silymarin and silybin inhibited the copper-catalysed oxidation of human LDL in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin and silybin at the concentration of 50 $\mu$M/ml also inhibited the copper catalysed oxidation of LDL induced by the cell J774 and macrophages. LDL reisolated from the cell incubation in the presence of silymarin or silybin was degraded at rates similar with native LDL. Silymarin or silybin found to be potential inhibitors against oxidation of $^{125}$I-LDL by macrophages and endothelial cells.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.254-259
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• 2011

Growing evidence indicates that oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) may promote atherogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of LDL oxidation may impede this process. The inhibitory effected on the susceptibility of human LDL to $Cu^{2+}$ or macrophages induced oxidation was investigated by monitoring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS). Organosulfur compounds of garlic oil contains diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide, diallyltetrasulfide, and diallyl pentasulfide in order. Garlic oil inhibited LDL oxidation by $Cu^{2+}$, or macrophages in a dose dependently, with a 20~60 ${\mu}g$, as increased TBARS assay. Garlic oil, at 60 ${\mu}M$, almost completely inhibited macrophages induced increase in electrophoretic mobility of LDL. When compared with several other antioxidants, probucol showed highest ability, and then garlic oil showed a much higher ability than natural occurring antioxidants, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. The results suggested that garlic oil might play the inhibitory effects in the process of LDL oxidation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2019

Background: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) causes vascular endothelial cell inflammatory response and apoptosis and plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a metabolite produced by the hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1, possesses strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether or not CK protects ox-LDL-damaged endothelial cells and the potential mechanisms have not been elucidated. Methods: In our study, cell viability was tested using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl-)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Expression levels of interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}m$) was detected using JC-1. The cell apoptotic percentage was measured by the Annexin V/ propidium iodide (PI) assay, lactate dehydrogenase, and caspase-3 expression. Apoptosis-related proteins, nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways protein expression were quantified by Western blotting. Results: Our results demonstrated that CK could ameliorate ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) inflammation and apoptosis, $NF-{\kappa}B$ nuclear translocation, and the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, anisomycin, an activator of p38 and JNK, significantly abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of CK. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that CK prevents ox-LDL-induced HUVECs inflammation and apoptosis through inhibiting the $NF-{\kappa}B$, p38, and JNK MAPK signaling pathways. Thus, CK is a candidate drug for atherosclerosis treatment.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.277-282
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of Ligularia fischeri leaf extract on adjuvant induced arthritis in experimental mice. The oral administration of the L. fischeri leaf extract (LF), at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight once a day for 3 weeks, significantly reduced hindpaw swelling and the production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin(IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6). Treatment with LF (100 mg/kg) also decreased the serum levels of triglyceride and low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol, and increased high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol contents compared with those of a control group. The induction of arthritis significantly increased oxidized proteins such as protein carbonyl, advanced oxidation protein products, and advanced glycation end-products in the lung, heart, and brain. Treatment with LF for 3 weeks reduced the levels of oxidized proteins. These results suggest that L. fischeri extract might be beneficial in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative activity on oxidaton of human low density lipoprotein from marine microorganisms. Bacillus sp. RH-5 producing antioxidative activity have been isolated and identified from coast sea in Pusan. Bacillus sp. RH-5 produced at highest level of antioxidative activity in the medium of 1.0% glucose, 0.25% polypepton, 0.25% yeast extract, 0.01% $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ and 50% sea water. The optimal medium pH, cultural temperature and shaking time for the highest production as the antioxidant were 7.0, $30^{\circ}C$ and 48 hr, respectively. The culture broth inhibited the copper catalyzed oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) at the concentration of 500 and $1,000\;\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ ethylacetate extracts in the presence of $5\;\mu\textrm{M}\;CuSo_4$. The electrophoretic mobility of the LDL oxidized in the presense of $5\;\mu\textrm{M}\;CuSo_4$ was higher than that of native LDL.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1712-1717
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• 2012

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease. In this study, human LDL was isolated and oxidized using $CuSO_4$ in the presence or absence of S-allylmercaptocysteine. Oxidative modification of the LDL fraction was monitored by both the appearance of thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS), an increase in electrophoretic mobility, and conjugated diene formation. The addition of S-allylmercaptocysteine reduced lipid peroxide formation, indicating it to be an effective antioxidant. The inhibition of LDL oxidation by $5{\sim}20{\mu}g/ml$ S-allylmercaptocysteine occurred in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed by the TBARS assay. S-allylmercaptocysteine at $20{\mu}g/ml$ almost completely inhibited the $Cu^{2+}$ induced increases in electrophoretic mobility of LDL and almost completely inhibited conjugated diene formation. A more potent antioxidative activity was observed for S-allylmercaptocysteine than for either Vitamin C or $d{\ell}-{\alpha}$-tocopherol. Thus, S-allylmercaptocysteine aid in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.180-187
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• 2004

Crowing evidence indicates that oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) nay promote atherogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of LDL oxidation may impede this process. The effect of geraniin on the susceptibility of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) to macrophages-induced oxidation was investigated by monitoring a thiobarbiruric acid reactive substrance (TBARS). The antioxidative activity of geraniin was higher than that of $\alpha$-tocopherol on low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Geraniin inhibited the C $u^{2+}$ mediated oxidation of human LDL in a dose dependent manner at concentration of 50 and 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Geraniin, almost completely inhibited the macrophages mediated LDL oxidation in electrophoretic mobility and conjugate diene of LDL oxidation. Also, geraniin almost completely inhibited 0$_2$$^{[-10]}$ at concentration of 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. The physiological relevance of the antioxidative activity was validated at the cellular level where geraniin inhibited endothelial cell mediated LDL oxidation, When compound with several other antioxidants geraniin showed a high activity equal to natural antioxidants, $\alpha$-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, and the synthetic antioxidant, protocol. These results indicate that geraniin might play a protective antioxidant effects on LDL, probably affecting both the structural properties of macrophage and endothelial cell for the LDL oxidation..