• Journal of the Regional Association of Architectural Institute of Korea
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2019

This study aimed to suggest a quantitative model analyzing overcrowding area under emergency evacuation situation in the outpatient department of hospital. Overall study process included the review on legal conditions of an emergency evacuation, the investigation of precedent research documents and the analysis of spatial configuration. The user movement with considering exit gates and the one without considering exit gates were analyzed for routine activity condition. An agent-based simulation was applied for the analysis. Also, user movement for the emergency condition was tested with evacuation simulation. The variation of simulation conditions revealed the difference between overcrowding spaces from situation change. At all nodes, visit frequencies derived from different conditions and situations were compared. The overcrowding spaces are to increase the risk of delaying emergency evacuation time which is critical for user safety. It suggests the need for dispersing overcrowding spaces under evacuation situation. The suggested analysis model can evaluate overcrowding spaces in the outpatient department of hospital and provide locational data for distributing evacuation design resources.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-30
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• 2020

On average, small business support projects appear to improve beneficiary sales, and the growth effect is obvious when supporting young or growing firms. However, the effect is largely offset by sales reductions due to overcrowding. Small business support projects must be operated in two ways to alleviate the overcrowding of businesses in a few industries and to enhance the overall effectiveness of the support programs.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1960-1965
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• 2011

Train operations run trains to well-scheduled time table and the ideal case would be to have the trains running exactly as scheduled. The train delay resulted from the overcrowding takes place frequently in Seoul metro line 2, and doesn't keep the predefined headway. It requires to analyze the train delay caused from the overcrowding. In this paper we modeled, simulated, and analyzed the delay to disclose the effects in the line 2 operation. The modeling consists of trains entering into the line, running on the line and exiting from the line. The simulation carries out with statistical perturbation and analyzes the disturbance.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

Purposes: There have been many efforts to improve the service of emergency centers. In spite of these, no evidence is showing any landmark advancement of emergency services, especially in the hospital stage, exists. We need some efficient standard criteria to evaluate emergency service in the hospital stage, and a useful method might utilize the overcrowding index. We want to know the change in the overcrowding index at a regional emergency center after injury area administration. Injury area means an area in which only an assigned duty physician manages patients with injuries such as those from traffic accidents, falls, assualts, collisions, lacerations, amputations, bums, intoxication, asphyxia, drowning, animal bites, sexual assualts, etc. Methods: We started to operate an injury area in our emergency department from late 2004, and from January to June in 2004 and in 2005, we collected patients' data, age, sex, assigned department, and result from hospital order communication system to figure out overcrowding indices and result indices. We found the daily number of patients, the turnover rate, the admission rate, the ICU admission rate, the emergency operation rate, the ED stay duration, and the ED patient volume to be overcrowding indices. Also we found the withdrawal rate, the transfer rate, and mortality to be result indices. We compared these indices between 2004 to 2005 by using a t-test. Results: There was a significant increase in the daily number of visiting patients in 2005, overcrowding indices, such as the turnover rate, the admission rate, the ICU admission rate, and the emergency operation rate, also showed statistically significant increases in 2005 (P<0.001). As for the result indices, there was a noticeable decrease in the number of withdrawals (11.77/day in 2004 to 4.53/day in 2005). Conclusion: Operating an injury area in a mildly overcrowded local emergency center is beneficial. Evaluating the effect of operating an injury area and it's impact on hospital finances by conducting a similar study analyziing patients for a longer duration would be valuable.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2021

Objectives: Household overcrowding (HC) can contribute to both physical and mental disorders among the members of overcrowded households. This study aimed to measure the status of HC and its main determinants across the provinces of Iran. Methods: Data from 39 864 households from the 2016 Iranian Household Income and Expenditures Survey were used in this study. The Equivalized Crowding Index (ECI) and HC index were applied to measure the overcrowding of households. Regression models were estimated to show the relationships between different variables and the ECI. Results: The overall, urban, and rural prevalence of HC was 8.2%, 6.3%, and 10.1%, respectively. The highest prevalence of HC was found in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (28.7%), while the lowest was found in Guilan Province (1.8%). The number of men in the household, rural residency, the average age of household members, yearly income, and the household wealth index were identified as the main determinants of the ECI and HC. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the ECI and HC were higher in regions near the borders of Iran than in other regions. Therefore, health promotion and empowerment strategies are required to avoid the negative consequences of HC, and screening programs are needed to identify at-risk families.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제28권1A호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2008

On the construction site with trends of large scale, high rise and specialization, testing construction of high performance concrete, superior to conventional concrete, is continued to increase. For bridge construction, application of full staging method is gradually decreasing due to noise, dust, and prolonged construction period. Recently, precast construction, which is optimized to urban environment and shorter work period, gains popularity significantly. In bridge structure, overcrowding arrangement of bar is used to ensure its safety. For the manufacturing of overcrowding arrangement of bar, High flowing self-compacting concrete, which is superior to conventional concrete in flowability and compacting property, should be implemented. In this study, the application of blast-furnace slag and fly ash to binary and ternary blended system on the High flowing self-compacting concrete for bridge structure with overcrowding arrangement of bar is evaluated by flowability in accordance with the first class regulations of Japan Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE).

• Korea journal of population studies
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.163-192
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• 2002

Residential overcrowding, also called density, measured as more than one person per room, is a important variable as a principal indicator of inadequate housing. We investigated how immigrants in the US are assimilated to the host society through a lens of housing density. We estimated the probability of living in overcrowded housing of Korean, Chinese and Japanese immigrants armored with the 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample(PUMS, A, 5%) in the US. Along with economic effects, we also consider life-cycle effects on the indicator. We applied "double cohort" method that enables duration of immigration effects to be separated from aging effects, which captures family size fluctuations due to life-cycle effects. The study found that cohort trends sharply changed during 10years. The 1970's immigrants are more likely to live in overcrowded housing than the pre-1970 immigrants. The pre-1970 immigrants are more likely to live in overcrowded housing than native-born persons. This may be explained by different assimilation processes driven by the disparities of individual human capitals or cultural differences among the ethnic groups. Especially, Korean experienced a sharp decline in overcrowding between 1980 and 1990. We also found that the major determinants that affect the level of housing density are years since migration, income, and gender. The present study concluded with some future studies related to the Korean immigrants abroad.ts abroad.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to find the reasons of overcrowding in the emergency department of an hospital, then to shorten the total stay time of patients. The fact that main causes of the overcrowding exist in the process of the emergency department was discovered by analysis of the data. In order to improve these process, simulation model was developed by ARENA 7.0. Staff's service time, staff's organization, process ratio, and patient's waiting time were estimated in the simulation model in consideration of the decision of the patient's course of action. Several scenarios such as the simplification of the process, the setup of dedicated pathology lab, and mixed method were suggested and evaluated. Total stay time of the patients would be reduced up to 28.45%.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.485-488
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• 2006

This research has evaluated flowability of ultra flowing self-compacting concrete, which is limitedly used for traditional building structures, in accordance with the first class regulations of Japan Society of Civil Engineering(JSCE) that can be applied to overcrowding-arrangement of bar, as a part of application methods that ultra flowing self-compacting concrete is applied to both precast and prestress bridge structures. The experimental results show that the flowability is acceptable in ternary blended among binary and ternary blended mixings, which satifies the first class regulation of JSCE. It is also concluded to use fly ash to increase viscosity of concrete in the case of segregation resistance because of low viscosity in the mixture of slag from blast furnace and limestone micropowder. Satisfying goals of every mixing after U-box self-compacting experiment, we conclude that ultra flowing self-compacting concrete is applicable to bridges and civil constructions of overcrowding arrangement of bar with evaluation of flowability of ultra flowing self-compacting concrete.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to present an analysis model evaluating evacuation performance considering patient types and procedural evacuation in the medical facility. The user group of the medical facility, including users challenged in evacuation behavior, entails the risk of many casualties. Therefore, it is necessary to plan an evacuation procedure that considers the evacuation characteristics of users. Methods: Through the review of precedent studies, the evacuation procedure of the medical facility, the classification of patient types, and the evacuation procedure was set as conditions and variables for the analysis. The result caused by a variety of conditions and variables were explored. Results: 1) The total evacuation completion time and congestion time were shortened at the procedural evacuation. Moreover, it derived many users from evacuating at the initial phase. 2) The proposed model can provide a basis for proposing a space planning direction that considers the possibility of not carrying out the evacuation plan. 3) It supports safe evacuation by identifying variables that reduce overcrowding by comparing the congestion time of overcrowded spaces. 4) The analysis model can identify the overcrowded space through the evacuation route and suggest the basis for architectural improvements that reduce overcrowding. Implications: The study results can be used to analyze the performance of evacuation procedures and support the establishment of evacuation procedures and building plans for safe evacuation for medical facilities.