• 대한건축학회연합논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2019

This study aimed to suggest a quantitative model analyzing overcrowding area under emergency evacuation situation in the outpatient department of hospital. Overall study process included the review on legal conditions of an emergency evacuation, the investigation of precedent research documents and the analysis of spatial configuration. The user movement with considering exit gates and the one without considering exit gates were analyzed for routine activity condition. An agent-based simulation was applied for the analysis. Also, user movement for the emergency condition was tested with evacuation simulation. The variation of simulation conditions revealed the difference between overcrowding spaces from situation change. At all nodes, visit frequencies derived from different conditions and situations were compared. The overcrowding spaces are to increase the risk of delaying emergency evacuation time which is critical for user safety. It suggests the need for dispersing overcrowding spaces under evacuation situation. The suggested analysis model can evaluate overcrowding spaces in the outpatient department of hospital and provide locational data for distributing evacuation design resources.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-30
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• 2020

On average, small business support projects appear to improve beneficiary sales, and the growth effect is obvious when supporting young or growing firms. However, the effect is largely offset by sales reductions due to overcrowding. Small business support projects must be operated in two ways to alleviate the overcrowding of businesses in a few industries and to enhance the overall effectiveness of the support programs.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1960-1965
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• 2011

Train operations run trains to well-scheduled time table and the ideal case would be to have the trains running exactly as scheduled. The train delay resulted from the overcrowding takes place frequently in Seoul metro line 2, and doesn't keep the predefined headway. It requires to analyze the train delay caused from the overcrowding. In this paper we modeled, simulated, and analyzed the delay to disclose the effects in the line 2 operation. The modeling consists of trains entering into the line, running on the line and exiting from the line. The simulation carries out with statistical perturbation and analyzes the disturbance.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

Purposes: There have been many efforts to improve the service of emergency centers. In spite of these, no evidence is showing any landmark advancement of emergency services, especially in the hospital stage, exists. We need some efficient standard criteria to evaluate emergency service in the hospital stage, and a useful method might utilize the overcrowding index. We want to know the change in the overcrowding index at a regional emergency center after injury area administration. Injury area means an area in which only an assigned duty physician manages patients with injuries such as those from traffic accidents, falls, assualts, collisions, lacerations, amputations, bums, intoxication, asphyxia, drowning, animal bites, sexual assualts, etc. Methods: We started to operate an injury area in our emergency department from late 2004, and from January to June in 2004 and in 2005, we collected patients' data, age, sex, assigned department, and result from hospital order communication system to figure out overcrowding indices and result indices. We found the daily number of patients, the turnover rate, the admission rate, the ICU admission rate, the emergency operation rate, the ED stay duration, and the ED patient volume to be overcrowding indices. Also we found the withdrawal rate, the transfer rate, and mortality to be result indices. We compared these indices between 2004 to 2005 by using a t-test. Results: There was a significant increase in the daily number of visiting patients in 2005, overcrowding indices, such as the turnover rate, the admission rate, the ICU admission rate, and the emergency operation rate, also showed statistically significant increases in 2005 (P<0.001). As for the result indices, there was a noticeable decrease in the number of withdrawals (11.77/day in 2004 to 4.53/day in 2005). Conclusion: Operating an injury area in a mildly overcrowded local emergency center is beneficial. Evaluating the effect of operating an injury area and it's impact on hospital finances by conducting a similar study analyziing patients for a longer duration would be valuable.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2021

Objectives: Household overcrowding (HC) can contribute to both physical and mental disorders among the members of overcrowded households. This study aimed to measure the status of HC and its main determinants across the provinces of Iran. Methods: Data from 39 864 households from the 2016 Iranian Household Income and Expenditures Survey were used in this study. The Equivalized Crowding Index (ECI) and HC index were applied to measure the overcrowding of households. Regression models were estimated to show the relationships between different variables and the ECI. Results: The overall, urban, and rural prevalence of HC was 8.2%, 6.3%, and 10.1%, respectively. The highest prevalence of HC was found in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (28.7%), while the lowest was found in Guilan Province (1.8%). The number of men in the household, rural residency, the average age of household members, yearly income, and the household wealth index were identified as the main determinants of the ECI and HC. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the ECI and HC were higher in regions near the borders of Iran than in other regions. Therefore, health promotion and empowerment strategies are required to avoid the negative consequences of HC, and screening programs are needed to identify at-risk families.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권1A호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2008

최근 구조물이 대형화, 특수화 및 초고층화 되고 있는 건설현장에서는 일반콘크리트보다 더 뛰어난 고성능 콘크리트의 시험적인 시공이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 교량의 경우 과거 동바리 공법에 의한 시공은 소음 및 분진과 공사기간의 장기화 등의 문제로 점점 감소되었으며, 최근에는 시공기간 단축 및 도심지 환경에 적합한 프리캐스트로 시공하는 현장이 급속히 증가하고 있다. 교량구조물의 경우 휨에 대한 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 과밀배근된 부재를 생산하고 있는 실정이며, 과밀배근된 부재를 생산하기 위하여 일반콘크리트보다 유동과 충전성능이 월등한 초유동 자기충전 콘크리트가 적용되는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 고로슬래그 및 플라이애쉬를 2성분계 및 3성분계 배합을 통하여 과밀배근된 교량구조물에 초유동 자기충전 콘크리트를 적용하기 위한 방법으로 과밀배근된 구조물에 적용할 수 있는 일본 토목학회의 JSCE 1등급 규정에 따른 초유동 자기충전 콘크리트의 유동 특성을 검토하였다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.163-192
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• 2002

주거밀도는 개인 및 가구의 주거수준을 보여주는 중요한 질적 주거복지 지표다. 이러한 측면에서 주거밀도는 이민자들이 현지 사회로 동화 되어가는 정도를 간접적으로 보여준다. 본 연구에서는 1980년과 1990년의 PUMS(Public Use Microdata Sample)를 사용하여 미국 내의 주요 아시아 세 인종집단(한국인, 중국인, 일본인)의 과밀여부와 추이를 분석하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 1980년과 1990년 주거밀도의 나이효과와 이민효과를 분리하기 위하여 이중생잔모형(Double Cohort Method)을 사용하여 이민자들의 생애주기와 경제적 수준 변화에 따른 10년 동안의 주거밀도 변화추이를 밝혔다. 분석결과는 이민기간이 이민자들의 주거복지 수준에 가장 큰 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 이민기간이 10-20년인 1970년대 이민자는 1970년 이전 이민자보다 과밀가구에 살 확률이 높았고 1970년 이전 이민자는 미국출생자보다 높아 현지사회의 거주기간이 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있다 한국인은 이민초기에는 과밀가구에 살 확률이 크지만 거주기간이 증가하면서 그 확률이 급격히 감소하였다. 소득수준이 높을수록, 남자에 비해 여자가 과밀가구에 살 확률이 낮게 나타났다. 과밀가구에 살 확률이 높은 경우는 자가가구에 비해 차가가구, 미국출생자에 비해 1970년대 이민자, 그리고 15-24세 집단에 비해 35-44세 집단과 45-54세 집단이었다. 주거밀도라는 측면에서 분석한 미국내 한국인의 주거복지 변천 과정은 중국인과는 비슷한 수준의 변화론 경험하고 있지만 일본인보다는 낮은 수준의 상향 이동을 경험하고 있었다. 이것은 이민 당시의 국력수준의 차이에 따른 개인의 재산축적 정도, 현지 사회에서 사용 가능한 인적자원의 차이, 그리고 미국사회 동화에 대한 문화적 차이 등이 복합적으로 작용하고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to find the reasons of overcrowding in the emergency department of an hospital, then to shorten the total stay time of patients. The fact that main causes of the overcrowding exist in the process of the emergency department was discovered by analysis of the data. In order to improve these process, simulation model was developed by ARENA 7.0. Staff's service time, staff's organization, process ratio, and patient's waiting time were estimated in the simulation model in consideration of the decision of the patient's course of action. Several scenarios such as the simplification of the process, the setup of dedicated pathology lab, and mixed method were suggested and evaluated. Total stay time of the patients would be reduced up to 28.45%.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.485-488
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• 2006

This research has evaluated flowability of ultra flowing self-compacting concrete, which is limitedly used for traditional building structures, in accordance with the first class regulations of Japan Society of Civil Engineering(JSCE) that can be applied to overcrowding-arrangement of bar, as a part of application methods that ultra flowing self-compacting concrete is applied to both precast and prestress bridge structures. The experimental results show that the flowability is acceptable in ternary blended among binary and ternary blended mixings, which satifies the first class regulation of JSCE. It is also concluded to use fly ash to increase viscosity of concrete in the case of segregation resistance because of low viscosity in the mixture of slag from blast furnace and limestone micropowder. Satisfying goals of every mixing after U-box self-compacting experiment, we conclude that ultra flowing self-compacting concrete is applicable to bridges and civil constructions of overcrowding arrangement of bar with evaluation of flowability of ultra flowing self-compacting concrete.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to present an analysis model evaluating evacuation performance considering patient types and procedural evacuation in the medical facility. The user group of the medical facility, including users challenged in evacuation behavior, entails the risk of many casualties. Therefore, it is necessary to plan an evacuation procedure that considers the evacuation characteristics of users. Methods: Through the review of precedent studies, the evacuation procedure of the medical facility, the classification of patient types, and the evacuation procedure was set as conditions and variables for the analysis. The result caused by a variety of conditions and variables were explored. Results: 1) The total evacuation completion time and congestion time were shortened at the procedural evacuation. Moreover, it derived many users from evacuating at the initial phase. 2) The proposed model can provide a basis for proposing a space planning direction that considers the possibility of not carrying out the evacuation plan. 3) It supports safe evacuation by identifying variables that reduce overcrowding by comparing the congestion time of overcrowded spaces. 4) The analysis model can identify the overcrowded space through the evacuation route and suggest the basis for architectural improvements that reduce overcrowding. Implications: The study results can be used to analyze the performance of evacuation procedures and support the establishment of evacuation procedures and building plans for safe evacuation for medical facilities.