• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.240-253
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• 2017

Latin hypercube sampling is widely used design-of-experiment technique to select design points for simulation which are then used to construct a surrogate model. The exploration/exploitation properties of surrogate models depend on the size and distribution of design points in the chosen design space. The present study aimed at evaluating the performance characteristics of various surrogate models depending on the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) procedure (sample size and spatial distribution) for a diverse set of optimization problems. The analysis was carried out for two types of problems: (1) thermal-fluid design problems (optimizations of convergent-divergent micromixer coupled with pulsatile flow and boot-shaped ribs), and (2) analytical test functions (six-hump camel back, Branin-Hoo, Hartman 3, and Hartman 6 functions). The three surrogate models, namely, response surface approximation, Kriging, and radial basis neural networks were tested. The important findings are illustrated using Box-plots. The surrogate models were analyzed in terms of global exploration (accuracy over the domain space) and local exploitation (ease of finding the global optimum point). Radial basis neural networks showed the best overall performance in global exploration characteristics as well as tendency to find the approximate optimal solution for the majority of tested problems. To build a surrogate model, it is recommended to use an initial sample size equal to 15 times the number of design variables. The study will provide useful guidelines on the effect of initial sample size and distribution on surrogate construction and subsequent optimization using LHS sampling plan.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.268-275
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• 2023

적층제조 기술의 지속적 발전 및 적용 산업의 확대에 따라 제조된 금속 부품의 전반적인 품질 및 성능을 향상 시키기 위한 서포트 최적 설계 수행은 필수적이 되었다. 따라서 본 논문은 금속 적층제조 공정에서의 서포트 설계변수가 서포트 강성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 대표적인 서포트 설계변수인 서포트 종류, 간격, 침투 깊이를 다양하게 적용한 인장시편을 적층제조를 통해 제작하고, 이에 대한 인장시험을 통해 변위-하중 곡선의 차이를 분석하였다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 서포트 설계변수가 지지 강성에 미치는 영향에 대한 포괄적인 분석을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 적층제조 공정 중 금속 부품의 열 변형을 억제하기 위한 서포트 최적설계 수행을 효과적으로 할 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.306-310
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 광 전기화학적 물 분해 전극 재료로 이용되는 산화철($Fe_2O_3$, hematite)을 표면적을 크게 하기 위하여 DC 열플라즈마 장치를 이용하여 나노입자로 합성한 후 전극을 제조 시 binder의 종류 및 조성을 다르게 하여 염기성 전해질에서 각각의 물 분해 효율을 측정하는 실험을 진행하였으며 질소 도핑을 통해 질소가 산화철의 광전기화학 반응에 끼치는 영향을 확인하였다. 산화철 전극을 제조하여 solar simulator를 이용한 LSV 실험을 통해 각 전극의 onset potential 및 설정한 전압 범위에서의 최대 전류밀도를 측정하였으며, 전극의 내구성 평가를 위하여 LSV 실험을 반복하여 진행하였다. CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)를 50 : 1의 비율로 섞어 binder로 이용한 산화철 전극이 가장 높은 전류밀도인 $12mA/cm^2$의 전류밀도를 나타내었고, CMC를 20 : 1 비율로 섞은 binder를 이용할 시 $3mA/cm^2$의 초기 전류밀도를 가지고 약 20회의 반복 실험을 견뎌내는 내구성을 나타내었다. 질소의 도핑이 산화철 나노입자의 광 전기 화학적 반응에 끼치는 영향은 미미한 것으로 확인되었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.803-811
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• 2024

Nuclear accidents such as Fukushima Daiichi have highlighted the potential of passive safety systems to replace or complement active safety systems as part of the overall prevention and/or mitigation strategies. In addition, passive systems are key features of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), for which they are becoming almost unavoidable and are part of the basic design of many reactors available in today's nuclear market. Nevertheless, their potential to significantly increase the safety of nuclear power plants still needs to be strengthened, in particular the ability of computer codes to determine their performance and reliability in industrial applications and support the safety demonstration. The PASTELS project (September 2020-February 2024), funded by the European Commission "Euratom H2020" programme, is devoted to the study of passive systems relying on natural circulation. The project focuses on two types, namely the SAfety COndenser (SACO) for the evacuation of the core residual power and the Containment Wall Condenser (CWC) for the reduction of heat and pressure in the containment vessel in case of accident. A specific design for each of these systems is being investigated in the project. Firstly, a straight vertical pool type of SACO has been implemented on the Framatome's PKL loop at Erlangen. It represents a tube bundle type heat exchanger that transfers heat from the secondary circuit to the water pool in which it is immersed by condensing the vapour generated in the steam generator. Secondly, the project relies on the CWC installed on the PASI test loop at LUT University in Finland. This facility reproduces the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of a Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS) mainly composed of a CWC, a heat exchanger in the containment vessel connected to a water tank at atmospheric pressure outside the vessel which represents the ultimate heat sink. Several activities are carried out within the framework of the project. Different tests are conducted on these integral test facilities to produce new and relevant experimental data allowing to better characterize the physical behaviours and the performances of these systems for various thermo-hydraulic conditions. These test programmes are simulated by different codes acting at different scales, mainly system and CFD codes. New "system/CFD" coupling approaches are also considered to evaluate their potential to benefit both from the accuracy of CFD in regions where local 3D effects are dominant and system codes whose computational speed, robustness and general level of physical validation are particularly appreciated in industrial studies. In parallel, the project includes the study of single and two-phase natural circulation loops through a bibliographical study and the simulations of the PERSEO and HERO-2 experimental facilities. After a synthetic presentation of the project and its objectives, this article provides the reader with findings related to the physical analysis of the test results obtained on the PKL and PASI installations as well an overall evaluation of the capability of the different numerical tools to simulate passive systems.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2006

원자력발전소의 화재방호규정은 발전소 건설 초기단계에서 인허가 요건에서 제시하는 설계기준을 따른다. 이러한 규정은 발전소 정상상태를 기준한 것이며 발전소 과도상태, 배열이 변경될 수 있는 계획예방정비기간 또는 발전소 해체기간의 화재방호 적용기준으로는 부족한 실정이다. 최근 미국에서 개발되고 있는 화재방호요건은 발전소 전체 수명기간에 걸쳐 성능기반 요건과 관리기준을 제시하고 있으나 발전소 상태 변경에 따른 정성적 및 정량적 평가를 위한 적용기준이라기 보다 개념적 적용방법을 제시하고 있다. 반면, 성능기반 화재위험 분석기법은 원전의 화재방호구역을 하나의 분석공간으로 설정한 다음 열 및 연기의 유동을 해석하며, 실내의 안전성 관련 기기 및 케이블에 대한 열적 영향을 평가한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 새로운 정량적 분석기술을 국내 원전에 적용하기 위한 목적으로 원전 화재방호규정의 적용방법 변경 방안과 발전소 상태변경에 대한 위험도 평가 항목을 구분하여 제시하였다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.409-415
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• 2011

목적: 초점거리의 비가 3:1인 아나모픽 렌즈를 적용하여 탐지거리를 증대시키는 열상 광학계를 설계하였다. 방법: 화각이 $50^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}$, 초점거리는 수평방향 36 mm, 수직방향 12 mm로 구속조건을 정하였다. 구속조건으로 f-number는 4, 화소 크기는 $15{\mu}m{\times}15{\mu}m$, 한계 분해능은 33l p/mm에서 25% 이상으로 제한하였다. 재질은 Si, ZnS, ZnSe를 사용하였으며 파장영역은 4.8 ${\mu}m$, 4.2 ${\mu}m$, 3.7 ${\mu}m$로 설정하였다. 설계한 열상 카메라의 광학적 성능 및 탐지거리와 나르시서스, 비열화를 분석하였다. 결과: 열상 광학계의 초점거리는 Y축 방향이 12 mm, X축 방향이 36 mm를 만족하였으며 f-number는 4를 만족하였다. 전장의 길이는 76 mm로 시스템의 전반적인 부피를 감소시켰다. 구면수차와 비점수차는 ${\pm}$0.10내로 2 pixel 크기보다 작게 나타났다. 왜곡수차는 10%이내로써 열상 카메라로 사용하는데 문제가 없음을 확인하였다. 광학계 MTF 성능은 33l p/mm에서 full field 까지 25%이상으로 구속조건을 만족하였다. 설계된 열상 광학계는 2.9 km까지 탐지할 수 있으며 4면을 제외한 나머지 면들의 나르시서스 값을 줄여 상 번짐이 감소하였다. 민감도 분석을 통해 5번째 렌즈를 보상자로 선택하여 온도 변화에 따른 MTF 해상력을 높였다. 결론: 아나모픽 렌즈를 적용해서 설계한 열상 광학계의 광학적 성능은 구속조건을 만족하였으며 더 긴 탐지거리와 나르시서스의 감소, 온도에 따른 해상력이 증가됨을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to experimentally investigate the engine pollutant emissions and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blended fuel (bio-diesohol). The experiments were performed on a single-cylinder DI diesel engine. Two blend fuels were consisted of $15\%$ ethanol, $83.5\%$ diesel and $1.5\%$ solublizer (by volume) were evaluated: one without cetane improver (E15-D) and one with a cetane improver (E15-D+CN improver). The engine performance parameters and emissions including fuel consumption, exhaust temperature, lubricating oil temperature, Bosch smoke number, CO, NOx, and THC were measured, and compared to the baseline diesel fuel. In order to gain insight into the combustion characteristics of bio-diesohol blends, the engine combustion processes for blended fuels and diesel fuel were observed using an Engine Video System (AVL 513). The results showed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased at overall engine operating conditions, but it is worth noting that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by up to $1-2.3\%$ with two blends when compared to diesel fuel. It is found that the engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blend fuels has higher emissions of THC, lower emissions of CO, NOx, and smoke. And the results also indicated that the cetane improver has positive effects on CO and NOx emissions, but negative effect on THC emission. Based on engine combustion visualization, it is found that ignition delay increased, combustion duration and the luminosity of flame decreased for the diesohol blends. The combustion is improved when the CN improver was added to the blend fuel.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

A need exists to monitor and control the localized high temperatures often experienced in solar grain dryers, which result in grain cracking, reduced germination and loss of cooking quality. A verified finite element model would be a useful to monitor and control the drying process. This study examined the feasibility of the finite element method (FEM) to predict temperature distribution in solar grain dryers. To achieve this, an indirect solar grain dryer system was developed. It consisted of a solar collector, plenum and drying chambers, and an electric fan. The system was used to acquire the necessary input and output data for the finite element model. The input data comprised ambient and plenum chamber temperatures, prevailing wind velocities, thermal conductivities of air, grain and dryer wall, and node locations in the xy-plane. The outputs were temperature at the different nodes, and these were compared with measured values. The ${\pm}5%$ residual error interval employed in the analysis yielded an overall prediction performance level of 83.3% for temperature distribution in the dryer. Satisfactory prediction levels were also attained for the lateral (61.5-96.2%) and vertical (73.1-92.3%) directions of grain drying. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to use a two-dimensional (2-D) finite element model to predict temperature distribution in a grain solar dryer. Consequently, the method offers considerable advantage over experimental approaches as it reduces time requirements and the need for expensive measuring equipment, and it also yields relatively accurate results.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2019

건축물의 화재안전성평가를 위한 화재시뮬레이션에서 화원면적 및 격자크기의 변화는 예측결과에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 동일한 최대 열발생률을 갖는 화원의 면적 변화가 구획화재의 예측결과에 미치는 영향이 검토되었으며, 동일한 화원면적의 조건에서 격자크기에 대한 예측결과의 의존도가 동시에 검토되었다. 주요 결과로서, 특성화재직경을 기준으로 6개 이상의 격자가 삽입되면 화원면적이 변화되더라도 격자크기는 화재의 열 및 화학적 특성에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 화원면적의 변화는 구획 내부에서 허용피난시간(ASET)과 관련된 주요 물리량의 예측결과에 상당한 차이를 야기하였다. 그러나 개구부를 기준으로 일정 거리 이상의 구획외부에서는 화원면적의 변화가 전반적 화재특성에 미치는 영향이 크지 않음이 확인되었다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2013

To explore the paper materials for restoration of the Annals of the Joseon Dyansty, durability of the three type of the traditional Korean Papers were estimated in this study, through moist heat artificial aging test. Three types(D, F, and G) which showed the best preservation performance in dry heat and UV treatment in the previous study were selected and artificial accelerated aging treatment with moist-heat process was conducted; the viscosity change rate was D>G>F; folding endurance G>D>F; $L^*$ value F>D>G; $a^*$ and $b^*$ change rate D>G>F; brightness decrease rate D>G>F, suggesting paper F showed the least change rate in physical/optical properties. Also the CLSM image observation showed fair coherence among fibers and confirmed paper mulberry. And in FDI extraction from each sample, paper F showed the highest value. Overall, paper F (traditional glossy paper) showed the highest stability against thermal treatment. It confirms that paper F is suitable as restoration paper for tributary remains including the annals of the Joseon Dynasty for its steady strength/viscosity decrease rate and color change rate.