• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2016

The transcription cofactor Swi6 plays important roles in regulating vegetative growth and meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Functions of Swi6 ortholog were also characterized in Fusarium graminearum which is one of the devastating plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we report possible role of FgSwi6 in the interaction between F. graminearum and Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) strain DK21. FgV1 perturbs biological characteristics of host fungi such as vegetative growth, sporulation, pigmentation, and reduction of the virulence (hypovirulence) of its fungal host. To characterize function(s) of FgSWI6 gene during FgV1 infection, targeted deletion, over-expression, and complementation mutants were generated and further infected successfully with FgV1. Deletion of FgSwi6 led to severe reduction of vegetative growth even aerial mycelia while over-expression did not affect any remarkable alteration of phenotype in virus-free isolates. Virus-infected (VI) FgSWI6 deletion isolate exhibited completely delayed vegetative growth. However, VI FgSWI6 over-expression mutant grew faster than any other VI isolates. To verify whether these different growth patterns in VI isolates, viral RNA quantification was carried out using qRT-PCR. Surprisingly, viral RNA accumulations in VI isolates were similar regardless of introduced mutations. These results provide evidence that FgSWI6 might play important role(s) in FgV1 induced phenotype alteration such as delayed vegetative growth.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.300-305
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• 2009

mRNA의 3' 말단형성 뿐만 아니라, 성숙한 mRNA의 핵에서 세포질로의 이동에 중요한 역할을 하는 출아효모 Saccharomyces cerevisiae의 폴리(A)-RNA 결합단백질인 Nab2와 유사한 분열효모 Schizosaccharomyces pombe의 단백질을 암호화하는 유전자(spNab2로 명명)의 결실돌연변이주(deletion mutant)를 제조하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 이배체인 S. pombe 균주에 하나의 spNab2 유전자만을 결실시킨 후 4분체분석(tetrad analysis)을 수행한 결과, S. cerevisiae NAB2와는 다르게 이 유전자는 생장에 반드시 필요하지 않았다. 또한 spNab2 결실돌연변이는 mRNA의 핵에서 세포질로의 이동도 정상적으로 보였다. spNab2의 역할을 알아보기 위해, 티아민에 의해 발현이 조절되는 강력한 프러모터를 이용하여 spNab2를 과발현시켰다. spNab2 유전자가 과발현되면, 세포의 생장이 심하게 억제되었으며, 폴리(A)-RNA가 핵 안에 축적되고 세포질에서는 줄어들었다. 또한 GFP 융합단백질을 이용하여 spNab2 단백질의 세포 내 위치를 관찰한 결과, spNab2-GFP는 주로 핵 안에 존재하였지만 세포질에서도 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과들은 spNab2 유전자 역시 mRNA의 핵에서 세포질로의 이동에 관여하고 있음을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1508-1513
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• 2006

Myostatin (MSTN) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are a known inhibitor and stimulators of proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells, respectively. The present study was performed to investigate the relationship of MSTN-induced growth inhibition to expression of the IGF system components and myogenin, a muscle cell-specific transcription factor, in rat L6 myoblasts. The L6 cells transfected with a green fluorescent protein-MSTN plasmid expression construct had a 47% less cell number than mock-transfected cells after 3-d serum-free culture, accompanied by delayed differentiation which was suggested by inhibited aggregation of cells. Moreover, cells transfected with the expression construct had decreased expression of IGF-II and myogenin genes, but not IGF-I or its receptor genes, as examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The reduced mitosis of the L6 cells transfected with the MSTN-expression construct increased following an addition of either IGF-I or IGF-II to the culture medium, but not to the level of mock-transfected cells. By contrast, myogenin gene expression in these cells increased after the addition of either IGF to the level of mock-transfected cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the inhibitory effect of MSTN on L6 cell proliferation and differentiation is likely to be partly mediated by serially suppressed expression of IGF-II and myogenin genes, not IGF-I gene.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.433-437
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• 2005

Human cytochromes P450 (GYP) 2A6 and 2E1 are of great interest because of their important roles in the oxidation of numerous drugs and carcinogens. Bacterial expression systems, especially Escherichia coli cells, have been widely used for the production of various GYP enzymes in order to obtain high yield of proteins. The expression methods usually employ longer culture time (30-72 h) at lower temperature (usually under $30^{\circ}C$). Expression levels of GYPs 2A6 and 2E1 at $37^{\circ}C$ were compared to those at $28^{\circ}C$, which is a usual temperature used in most bacterial expression systems for human GYP expression. Within 18 h the expression levels of GYPs 2A6 and 2E1 reached up to 360 and 560 nmol per liter culture at $37^{\circ}C$, respectively, which are compatible with those of 36 h culture at $28^{\circ}C$. The activities of GYPs expressed at $37^{\circ}C$ were also comparable to those expressed at $28^{\circ}C$. The present over-expression system can be useful for rapid production of large amounts of active human GYPs 2A6 and 2E1 in E. coli.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.105-120
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• 2002

Eight drawings of Sukcheon-je-a-do are the architectural drawings of the government offices. These were drawn in the representation of Sabang-jeondo-myobeob. Sabang-jeondo-myobeob is one of Korean traditional drawing type, that is constructed with turned-over elevations drawn on the site plan. The analytic observation viewed in the iconographical diagrams of eight drawings led me following conclusions. First, the most typical expression of Sabang-jeondo-myobeob can be summarized as the combination of three elevations toward the inside and one elevation toward the outside. The former is expression of territoriality, and the latter is expression of the facade. Second, in Sabang-jeondo-myobeob both elevations of crosswise direction and of lengthwise direction are described at the viewpoint of eye level. And they center around the courtyards with intent to describe the relation between buildings and the outdoor space. Third, the facade of pavilions, disposed on the crosswise direction in Sabang-jeondo-myobeob, are described with the both viewpoint of down-view and up-view. It is the expression peculiar to Korean traditional drawings, that describes the depth and richness on the facade of traditional wooden architecture. Fourth, some pavilions and landscapes are described in Pyonghaeng-saseon-dobeob, that is familiar drawing type in the Korean traditional paintings. From this expression we can deduce that the traditional architectural drawings such as Sukcheon-je-a-do were constructed by the traditional landscape painters.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different frequencies (4Hz and 100Hz) of transcutaneous electrical nerve simulation (TENS) on pain relief using c-fos expression in the spinal cord of rat osteoarthritis to investigate the appropriate frequency for pain relief. METHODS: Total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats was used and randomly divided 2 groups according TENS frequency and applicate the TENS during 3 period (3 days, 7 days, 10 days). The induction of osteoarthritis by 3mg monosodium iodoacetat was injected into the right knee joint of rats. Three days later, commercially available TENS unit was used for stimulation was set to 20minutes on 3, 7, 10 days after surgery. Western blot analysis system was used to detect immunoreactive proteins. The thickness of the bands were photographically measured by Scion Image. RESULTS: When investigating the c-fos expression of TENS on spinal cord in OA knee over 10 days, between-groups differences in c-fos expression reached a significant level by day 10. For within-groups comparisons, the c-fos expression decreased significantly across days in low- and high-frequency TENS groups. CONCLUSION: Whether at low- and high-frequency, the TENS as a therapy obtained beneficial effects of pain relief and TNES at high-frequency is more beneficial effects on the pain relief when TENS applied at injury site.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

For the rapid selection of higher recombinant hirudin producing strain in a methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha, a multiple gene integration and dose-dependent selection vector, based on a telomere-associated ARS and a bacterial aminoglycoside 3-phosphotransferase (aph) gene, was adopted. Two hirudin expression cassettes (HV1 and HV2) were constructed using the MOX promoter of H. polymorpha and the mating factor $\alpha$ secretion signal of S. cerevisiae. Multiple integrants of a transforming vector containing hirudin expression cassettes were easily selected by using an antibiotic, G418. Hirudin expression level and integrated plasmid copy number of the tested transformants increased with increasing the concentration of G418 used for selection. The expression level of HV1 was consistently higher than that of HV2 under the similar conditions, suggesting that the gene context might be quite important for the high-level gene expression in H. polymorpha. The highest hirudin producing strain selected in this study produced over 96 mg/L of biologically active hirudin in a 500-mL flask and 165 mg/L in a 5-L fermentor.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.28.1-28.12
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• 2018

Intertidal macroalgae are exposed to many abiotic stress factors, and they must regularly react to changes in their environment. We used RNA-seq to describe how Porphyra umbilicalis (Rhodophyta) changes gene expression patterns to interact with different habitats. Tissue samples were taken from a typical habitat along the open-coast of the Northwest Atlantic, as well as from a rare, atypical habitat in an estuarine tidal rapid environment. Differential gene expression analyses suggest that pathogic bacteria and viruses may be a significant factor influencing the transcriptome in the human-impacted estuarine environment, but the atypical habitat does not necessarily induce more stress in Porphyra umbilicalis growing there. We found genes related to nitrogen transport are over-expressed in tissue from the open-coastal site compared to those from the estuarine site, where environmental N levels approach hypertrophic levels. Low N levels impede growth, but high levels are toxic to cells, and we use qPCR to show this species regulates expression of a putative high-affinity $NH_4{^+}$ transporter under low and high N conditions. Differences in expression of this transporter in these habitats appear to be inherited from parent to offspring and have general implications for adaptation to habitat in other species that are capable of asexual reproduction, as well as more specific implications for this species' use in aquaculture.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2017

Transglutaminase2 (TGM2) is a multi-functional calcium dependent enzyme that affects angiogenesis, apoptosis, differentiation, attachment, and changes in the extracellular matrix. However, its function in periodontal tissue has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the TGM2 expression and the modulation of inflammatory mediators in inflamed periodontal ligament (PDL) cells induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and the Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$. The expression of TGM2 was increased in the inflamed periodontal tissue and PDL cells. Over-expressed TGM2 in the PDL cells increased expression of MMP1, MMP3, IL-6, CXCL8, and PTGS2. Conversely, inhibition of TGM2 activity using LDN27219, a TGM2 inhibitor, resulted in decreased expression of MMP1, MMP3, IL-6, and CXCL8. The mRNA expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and quantified by qRT-PCR. Protein levels were also confirmed by immunofluoroscence staining. These results suggest that TGM2 plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory mediators which exacerbate tissue damage in inflamed periodontal tissue.

• 한국가족관계학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.95-122
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out the moderating effect of gender between parenting attitude and anger expression of adolescent. Particularly, to ensure that the anger of emotion is common nature, this study was conducted on the middle class adolescent of stable economic status. Method: The subjects of this study were 357 students, first grade from 3 high schools in Seoul. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation, and hierarchial regression, using the SPSS 18.0 program. Results: The main results were as follows: First, in parenting attitude the perception of monitoring and affection was less important for boys than girls, but more important in over expectation and neglect. Second, in anger expression the level of anger-control appeared higher than anger-in and anger-out, no significant gender difference in subfactors. Third, the effect of gender moderated the relationships between parenting attitude and anger expression of adolescent. Conclusions: The results indicated the need to recognize gender difference in controlling anger of adolescent and to improve dysfunctional parenting attitude in middle class. Furthermore, the implications were discussed in enhancing parent-adolescent communication, developing emotional education programs, and preventing juvenile delinquency.