• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.384-394
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• 2004

This study was carried out to monitor the response of ovaries and cyst according to treatment with GnRH or combination of GnRH and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ in dairy cows with ovarian follicular cysts. Thirty cows were diagnosed as having follicular cysts by rectal palpation, ultrasonography and progesterone (P4) assays. Ten cows were treated with GnRH (control), and the other twenty were treated with $PGF_2{\alpha}$ at 10 days after GnRH treatment. All the animals were re-examined by ultrasonography and blood was collected for the measurement of plasma P4 concentration at day 0 (the day of treatment), day 7, day 10, day 13, day 24 and day 34, respectively. In 30 cows that were diagnosed with follicular cysts, mean plasma P 4 concentrations on day -II and day -I were 0.3 ng/ml and 0.4 ng/ml. On day 10 increased as 2.7$\pm$0.2 ng/ml. Mean cystic wall thickness by ultrasonography on day -11 and day -I were 2.1 mm and 2.2 mm. In 9 cows responded on luteinization of cystic wall, cystic wall thickness was 3.9$\pm$0.5 mm at day 10 after GnRH treatment. The responses of ovaries until day 10 after GnRH treatment included development of corpus luteum in the ovary bearing the cyst or in the contralateral ovary (12 cows), luteinization of cystic wall (6 cows) and clouding of the anechoic antrum of cysts (2 cows). The ovarian responses according to the combination of GnRH and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ included regression of the corpus luteum (12 cows), increase (1 cow) and no change (1 cow) of cyst size until last examination, and complete disappearance on day 13 (6 cows), 23 (6 cows) and 34 (4 cows). Combination treatment group of GnRH and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ showed a higher pregnancy rate within 100 days after initial treatment (40.0 vs 65.0%) and shorter intervals from the treatment to conception (45.4$\pm$25.8 vs 53.5$\pm$31.4 days) compared with control. It was concluded that the administration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ following GnRH treatment is effective in shortening the interval from treatment to conception in cows with follicular cyst. Also, this study suggested that the response of the cyst according to treatment revealed various types. Therefore, veterinarians should pay attention to monitor of the response of cystic ovaries after treatment, specially no change, slowly decrease or increasement of cyst size after treatment.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2011

A total 5,946 cows from 24 dairy farms were carried out for the improvement of reproductive performance. Dairy cows in post-parturition 30 day were performed periodic reproductive examination to check for recovery of post-parturition ovary and uterus and for the early diagnosis of reproductive disease. The results obtained from this studies were as follow. The result of 1,126 cows with ovario-uterine disease were 579 slient heat and error of estrus detection (51.4%), 296 ovarian disease (26.3%), 248 uterine disease (22%), mummification and freematin were each 1 head (0.1%), respectively. Hormonal therapeutic effects were follicular cyst 81.5%, luteal cyst 90.7%, endometritis 86.9%, mucometra 90.1%, pyometra 60.9%, respectively. In cows, even if the 1st treatment fails, 2nd, 3rd treatment were performed. Therapeutic effect of 2nd, 3rd were reduced, but the number of cured cows were gradually increased. The cured cows after hormonal treatment were performed service repeatedly and the cumulative conception rate were increased. The cows treated with hormones at first service, the conception rate were follicular cyst 26%, luteal cyst 64.1%, endometritis 38.7%, mucometra 40%, pyometra 20.5%, respectively. The cumulative conception rates were increased by repeated service follicular cyst 57.3%, luteal cyst 84.6%, endometritis 67%, mucometra 75%, pyometra 64.1%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1982

1. The cows slaughtered at age of 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 years old were 1.5, 1.5, 15.0, 62.5 and 4.4% respectively. 2. The cows slaughtered at 351-450kg and more than 500kg were 60 and 28% respectively. 3. Best, very good, good and bad cows in nutritional condition were 1.6, 25.8, 62.9, and 9.7% respectively. Among the six cows which were bad nutrition, the two were with severe endometritis, the three were normal in genital function and one was on 70 days of pregnancy. 4. Holstein cows(55.2%) showed higher reproductive failure than the Korean cows(33.3%). 5. The slaughted ratio of the Korean cattle and Holstein cows was 36 and 64% respectively. 6. Pregnant cows were about 16% among the slaughtered one. 7. Reproductive failures were composed of 46% in uterus, 32% in ovaries, 8% in udder, 6% in oviduct, 4% in cervix of uterine, 2% in vagina and 2% inmummified fetus. 8. Forty six percentages of uterine diseases were as follows; horn, 13%, body of uterus, 32% and ovary diseases were 32%, that is, 12% of ovary atrophy, 8% of ovarycyst and 6% of lutealcyst. 9. The cows of reproductive failures were commonly infected with 1.6 kinds of diseases. 10. According to classification, six type of ovaries were as follows; normal, 58%, ovary-cyst, 11%, luteum cyst, 4%, coexistence of follicles and corpus luteum, 16%, weak function of ovaries, 10% and ovarian atrophy, 1%. 11. Major axis, minor axis and thickness of right ovary were larger than those of left one both in Korean cattle and Holstein cows. Holstein cow had generally larger size of ovary than these of the Korean cattle.. 12. The left and right oviducts showed no difference in length, but Holstein had longer oviduct than Korean cow. 13. There was no difference in the length of uterine horn between right and left in the Korean cows, but the right was longer than the left in Holstein cows. 14. Holstein had longer horn and body of uterine than the Korean cows. 15. The weight of right ovary was heavier than that of left in both breeds, but there was no differences in weight of left ovary between two breeds and right ovary of Holstein breed was heavier than that of the Korean cow. 16. The weight of right oviduct and uterine born was heavier than that of the left, and Holstein had heavier oviducts and uterine horns than the Korean cows. 17. Holstein had heavier uterine body and cervix of uterine than the Korean cows. 18. The length of reproductive systems of Korean cow is as follows; Major and minor diameter and thickness ofovary are 3.6${\pm}$0.7, 2.3${\pm}$0.4 and 1.6${\pm}$1.4 cm in left and 3.7${\pm}$0.6, 2.5${\pm}$0.5 and 1.8${\pm}$0.5 cm in right. Oviduct is 28.4${\pm}$3.1 cm in left and 27.8${\pm}$3.3 cm in right. Uterine horn is 27.4${\pm}$4.5 cm in left and 27.7${\pm}$4.9 cm in right. Uterine body and cervix are 3.4${\pm}$1.1 and 6.5${\pm}$1.7 cm. 19. The length of female reproductive systems ofHolstein cow is as follows; Major and minor diameter and thickness of ovary are 3.9${\pm}$1.3, 2.3${\pm}$0.5, and 1.5${\pm}$0.6 cm in left and 4.0${\pm}$0.8, 2.8${\pm}$0.6 and 1.8${\pm}$0.6 cm in right. Oviduct is 29.4${\pm}$4.2 cm in left and 29.3${\pm}$4.1 cm in right. Uterine horn is 30.2${\pm}$7.4 cm in left and 32.6${\pm}$8.4 cm in right. Uterine body and cervix are 4.5${\pm}$2.5 and 7.8${\pm}$2.9 cm. 20. The weight of reproductive systems of Korean cow is as follows; Ovary is 8.4${\pm}$4.1 g in left and 9.3${\pm}$3.6g in right. Oviduct is 1.5${\pm}$0.5 g in left and 1.6${\pm}$0.5 g in right. Uterine horn is 109${\pm}$27 g left and 118${\pm}$32 g in right. Uterine body and cervix are 30.4${\pm}$14.1 and 76.7${\pm}$38.4g. 21. The weight of reproductive systems of Holstein cow is as follows; Ovary is 8.2${\pm}$3.1 g in left and 12.5${\pm}$5.6 g in right. Oviduct is 1.7${\pm}$0.6 g in left and 1.9${\pm}$0.9 g in right. Uterine horn is 199${\pm}$14.2 g in left and 221${\pm}$111.2g in right. Uterine body and cervix are 58.2${\pm}$46.5 and 126.7${\pm}$103.3 g.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.58-72
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• 1997

Recently we treated 2cases of endometrioma. The one get very effective result by herbal medicine and acupuncture, but the other can't get it. Edometriois is the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. And the endometriosis of ovary which made cyst is endometrioma. it is usually located on the anterior surface of the ovary. The prescriptions of herbal medicine are Banchongsangagam(蟠蔥散加減) and Geybacktanggagam(桂朴湯加減). The prescriptions of acupuncture are $LI_4,\;LIV_3,\;SP_6\;CV_4$, Jagung(子宮) and Shinmun(神門, 耳). We respect more and more clinical study and to share with its result.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 1976

A total of 736 Holstein cows were examined for incidence of infertility and 57 infertile cows of them were examined for blood values. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Fifty eight heads (7.9%) of 736 Holstein cows examined were proved to be infertile and the causative disease of 58 infertile cows were diagnosed as silent heat (31.0%), repeat breeder (20.8%), dysfunction of ovary (15.5%), lutein cyst (13.8%), endometritis (8.6%), follicular cyst (5.2%), cervicitis (1.7%), pyometra (1.7%), and free-martin (1.7%). 2. Among the data of blood values of 57 infertile cows, values of total serum protein and serum calcium were remarkably lower (p 0.01) than those of normal cows. Meanwhile the unbalanced Ca/P ratio (1.1) was observed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.367-370
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• 2002

A female, 14-year-old mixed dog weighing 4 kg and a female,8-year-old schnauzer dog weighing 6 kg showing vaginal discharges and vomiting for a few weeks were examined for the preoperative check of anterior cruciate ligament rupture and the recheck after the surgery of nephrectomy. There were no distinct abnormal signs except for the increased CBC at schnauzer dog on blood chemistry analysis. Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were a large abdominal mass and a cyst-like hypoechogenic or anechogenic cavitary lesion on the ovary region. These findings were consistent with an ovarian cyst. Thereafter highly suspected ovarian cysts by diagnostic imaging were supported by high estrogen concentration on hormonal assay and the results of Pathologic examination as the unilateral ovarian cysts with secondary pyometra.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2002

Background : An increased frequency of reproductive endocrine disorders and polycystic ovary(PCO) has been reported in women with epilepsy. A possible role of the seizure disorder or, of the use of antiepileptic drugs(AEDs) has been suggested as the pathogenic mechanism. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of reproductive endocrine disorders, such as PCO or menstrual abnormalities, in a series of women with epilepsy, examining the possible relationships of these disturbances with different epilepsy syndromes and AED treatment. Methods : Thirty epileptic women, all of reproductive age and none pubertal, pregnant, or lactating, were evaluated by clinical endocrinological assessment, and pelvic ultrasonography. Seven patients were on valproic acid(VPA), nineteen on carbamazepine(CBZ), and four on diphenylhydantoin(DPH) treatment, respectively. Results : Menstrual irregularity was observed in 8 women(26.7%), dysmenorrhea in 7(23.3%), and premenstrual syndrome in 1(3.3%). Ultrasonographic examination revealed that one women(3.3%) showed polycystic ovary, 4(13.3%) had ovarian cyst(s), and 2(6.7%) had uterine myoma, respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of menstrual abnormalities or polycystic ovary according to the different preparations of AEDs. Conclusions : Data from this investigation suggest that, in Korean reproductive age women, the treatment of AEDs and the kind of medication may not have a significant effect on the prevalence of menstrual abnormalities or ultrasonographic polycystic ovary.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1984

The effects of progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID) on the fertility levels in dairy cows were studied in 2 experiments. In experiment I, 70 lactating cows at 45 days postpartum were allotted to 3 groups and the treatments imposed were either： 1: Untreated control, 2: PRID with a capsule containing long of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) attached, inserted for 12 days, 3: PRID inserted for 12 days with long of prostaglandin F$\_$2${\alpha}$/ administration 24 h before PRID removal. Treated cows were inseminated 56 h after PRID removal and at an observed oestrus during the subsequent 48-day period. The control group was inseminated at an observed oestrus during this 60-day period. In experiment II, 60 ovarian disorder cows were divided into 5 groups and PRID+ODB inserted for 12 days. 1: atrophied ovary, 2: smooth ovary, 3: persistent corpus luteum, 4: follicular cyst, 5: luteal cyst. Treated cows were inseminated 56 h after PRID removal and at an observed oestrus over a period from the first insemination to 46 days. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The device produced a vaginal discharge in some animals. In experimenet I : 2. For treatments 2 and 3, respectively, conception rates to the fixed time insemination were 45% and 52%. 3. The conception rates of cows inseminated to the fixed time insemination and at an observed oestrus during a 60-day period were 65%, 86% and 91% for control, treatment 2 and 3, respectively. 4. Mean interval from calving to conception and inseminations per conception were 133, 91 and 86 days and 2.4, 2.1 and 1.9 for control, treatments 2 and 3, respectively. In experiment II； 5. The conception rates to the fixed time insemination for each group 20, 50, 70, 20 and 50%, respectively. 6. The total conception rates for the 48 days period of each group were 60, 70, 100, 60 and 90%, respectively. 7. The inseminations per conception of each group were 2.8, 2.1, 1.4, 2.7 and 1.9, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.355-362
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• 1999

Objective: This study was performed to compare the clinical response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) according to the size of baseline ovarian cyst. Method: From February 1992 to March 1999, a retrospective analysis was done of 272 cases who underwent COH using mid-luteal phase long protocol of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) for IVF-ET. These cases were divided into four group; group 1 (n=63) had cysts with mean diameters between 20.0 and 29.0 mm on their baseline ultrasound on cycle day 3, group 2 (n=57, $30.0{\sim}49.0mm$), group 3 (n=68, >50.0 mm) and control group (n=84). Cases were excluded according to the following criteria; pure male factor infertility, the presence of only one ovary, high CA-125 level and previous endometriosis. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between cases with baseline ovarian cyst <50.0 mm in diameter and control group in any of the parameters. However, cases with baseline ovarian cyst>50.0 mm in mean diameter needed more amount of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), showed significantly lower estradiol ($E_2$) level, the number of follicle >15.0 mm on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration, the number of oocytes retrieved, the number of mature oocytes, and pregnancy rate compared with control group. Conclusion: This study suggests that cases with baseline ovarian cyst <50.0 mm in diameter do not adversely impact on IVF-ET outcome. However, cases with baseline ovarian cyst >50.0 mm in diameter had adverse effects on various parameters. Therefore, to improve the outcome of IVF-ET in these cases, ovarian cyst aspiration prior to initiating COH may be required.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.326-333
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• 2013

On $H^1$ MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), malignant tumors show higher concentration of metabolite than benign lesions. Lactate double peak was detected in malignant tumor and endometriosis, and more prominent high concentration was demonstrated in endometriosis. Tuboovarian abscesses and salpingitis do not show prominent peak. Dermoid cysts show high levels of lipid peak. Paratubal cyst and follicular cyst can be showed the lipid peak, however, the concentration of lipid is lower than that of dermoid cyst. $H^1$ MRS of ovarian cystic lesions can give valuable information about the presence of metabolites of ovarian cystic lesions.