• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2002

The relationship between level of milk composition and conditions of ovary and uterus were analyzed in Holstein cows at seven farms participating in a reproductive herd health management program. Milk data were taken from 503 early lactating cows between 30 and 60 days in milk with reproductive examination with ultrasonography from september 1999 to August 2000. Milk fat, protein and solid-not-fat concentration in the herds were $3.70{\pm}1.08%$, $2.97{\pm}0.35$, and $8.41{\pm}0.61%$, respectively. The reproductive disorder relative to normal cows had higher risk in the cows that the level of protein was lower than 2.70%. Also, the higher milk fat than 4.50% were associated with a higher risks in the uterine disease and follicular cysts. Therefore, the cows with the fat to protein ratio of > 1.30 had higher risks for reproductive disorder such as cystic ovarian diseases, inactive ovaries and endometritis. These results indicated that cows diagnosed with reproductive disorder were energy deficient prior to reproductive disorder diagnosis. Consequently, milk fat and protein analyses may be used serve as a monitoring tool for condition of ovary and uterus in early lactating cows

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 2021

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, irregular menstruation, ovulatory dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Recent studies have reported the possible role of phytoestrogens in PCOS. This animal study aimed to evaluate the effects of genistein on insulin resistance, inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and histopathologic indices on PCOS. Methods: PCOS was induced by 1 mg/kg of letrozole in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats then received normal saline (PCOS group), 150 mg/kg of metformin, or 20 mg/kg of genistein dissolved in 1% methylcellulose solution for 42 days. Body weight, the glycemic and lipid profile, and inflammatory, antioxidative, and histopathological parameters were assessed at the end of the intervention. Results: Treatment with genistein significantly alleviated the increased level of fasting blood insulin (p=0.16) and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p=0.012). In addition, the genistein group had significantly lower levels of serum malondialdehyde (p=0.039) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p=0.003), and higher superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (p<0.001). Furthermore, the histopathological analysis indicated that genistein administration led to an increase in luteinization and the development of fewer cysts (p<0.05). Conclusion: Biochemical and histopathological analyses indicated that genistein administration to rats with PCOS induced significant remission in oxidative, inflammatory, and glycemic and histopathologic parameters.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.403-407
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• 2011

A form of polycystic ovary (PCO) resembling some aspects of the human PCO syndrome (PCOS) can be induced in rats by a single injection of estradiol valerate (EV). An increase in sympathetic outflow to the ovary precedes, by several weeks, the appearance of cysts, suggesting the involvement of a neurogenic component in the pathology of this ovarian dysfunction. To test the hypotheses that the change in sympathetic tone is related to an augmented production of hippocampal and/or ovarian nerve growth factor (NGF), and that this abnormally elevated production of NGF contributes to the induction of PCOS induced by EV. The animals were sacrificed after PCOS induction and the ovaries and hippocampus were sectioned and compared to the normal control. The expression of NGF was measured by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis in the ovaries and hippocampus. EV-induced PCOS showed significant increase of ovarian NGF expression. Immunohistochemical expression of NGF was confined to the follicular cells and interstitial cells. Hippocampal NGF expression was not significantly changed. In conclusion EV-induced PCOS was related to the ovarian sympathetic activation which was mediated by NGF.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate expression of apoptosis-related differentially expressed gene (DEG) in ovaries of Korean cattle with follicular and luteal cysts and to identify the relationship between cyst and apoptosis using microarray, real-time PCR, TUNEL staining, and Western blot analysis. Microarray data showed that PIK3R2 and AKT1 were significantly up-regulated in follicular cyst, and TNF-RAF2, PRLR, FOXL2, STK4, and COL4A3 were up-regulated whereas INHA, CIDEB, BCL10, and FASLG were down-regulated in luteal cyst. Real-time PCR was performed to validate DEGs altered in luteal cyst. Of nine DEGs, four DEGs down-regulated in luteal cyst showed a positive corelation between microarray data and real-time PCR data. In this study, we focused on INHA, among many DEGs, which was highly down-regulated in both follicular and luteal cysts. Real-time PCR and micro array data showed that INHA was down-regulated by 12.3-fold and by 1.4-fold, respectively, in the bovine follicular cyst. TUNEL assay and Western blot analysis for ERK, JNK, p38, PI3K, and Akt, which were used to detect whether apoptosis is occurred, showed no significant changes in cystic ovaries (p>0.05). In the expression and activity of caspase-3, Bax, Bel-2, and Bel-xL, there was no significant changes between follicular cystic ovary and normal ovary. Rather, the expression levels of PI3K and p-Akt were decreased in follicular cystic ovary. These results suggest that deficiency of apoptosis in cystic ovary is associated with decreased expression of apoptotic effectors.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.307-318
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• 1998

Accuracy of rectal palpation and ultrasonography for differential diagnosis of subestrous dairy trows were investigatedl using the result of pIRsma progesterone assay. The ovaries were examined 2 times of 10 days interval in 520 posearom and postinsemination subestroHs dairy cows, using rectal palpation and B-mode transrectal ultrasonography. The results of rectal palpation, ultrasonographic examination and measurement of plasma progesterone profiles in 520 subestrous dairy cows were silent brat or error of estrus detection 303 (58.3%), persistent corpus luteum 59 (11.3%), follicular cyst 37 (7.1%), luteal cyst 16 (3.1%), inactive ovary 9 (1.7%), granulosa tumor 1 (0.2%), hydmsalphinx 1 (0.2%), endomehris 81 (15.6%), pyometra 12 (2.3%) and mummified fetus 1 (0.2%), respectively. Accuncy of rectal palpation and ultrasonography for diagiosing ovarian disordeir based on plasma progesterone profiles were silent heat or error of estrus detection 80.5% and 96.7%$\boxUl$ persistent corpus luteum 57.6% and 94.9%, follicular cyst 62.5% and 91.9%1 luteal cyst 62.5% and 87.5%, maclive ovary 55.6% and 88.9% and granulosa cell tumor 100% and 100%, respectively. Acnuucy of rectal palpation for diagnosing uterine disorders based on ultrasonography was pyometra 75.0%1 endometritis 51.9% and mummified fetus 100%, respectively. Cbaracteristic ultrasonographic appearances of ovaries in subestrous dairy cows were as follows; Silent heat or error of estrus detection: anechoic follicle or hypoechoic corpus luteum than ovarian stroma was alternately present on Day 0 (first examination) and Day 10. Follicular cyst: uniformly nonechogenic ovarian structure $\geq $ 25 mm in diameter with a wall < 3 mm was present in ipsilateral on Day 0 and Day 10. Luteal cyst: luteal cyst was similar to follicular cysts but thickness of cystic wall was $\geq $ 3 mm. Inactive ovary : structures within ovaries was not present on Day 0 Bnd Day 10. Characteristic uthssonograpsc appearances of uterus in subestrous dairy cows were as follows; Endometritis: characterized by uterine lumen containing fluid in which 'snowy'echogenic particles art suspended. Pyometra: ultrasonographic appearance of pyometra was diffuse echogenic particles distributed in fluid within the distended uterus, and a thickened uterine wall. These results indicated that ultrasonography was practical far diagnosing reproductive disorders. To diagnosing ovarian disorders, ultrasonography should be carried out 2 times of 10 days interval and rndometritis should be differentiated with uterus of luteal phase in normal cycling cows.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 1994

In order to define the clinical characteristics of Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome, clinical symptoms, biochemical features and ultrasonographic findings were determined in ninety PCO patients. Frequency of clinical manifestations were as follows:acne 42%, overweight 31 %, oily skin 14 %, hirsutism 10%. Relatively low frequencies of hirsutism is recognized in patients with Korean PCO syndrome. Mean(${\pm}$S.E.) of each hormone was:testosterone 1.18${\pm}$1.07ng/ml, LH 21.47${\pm}$${\pm}$2.6mIU/ml, FSH 7.26${\pm}$2.67mIU/ml, LH/FSH ratio 2.94${\pm}$1.29, prolactin 25.48${\pm}$46.33ng/ml, DHEA-S 333.78${\pm}$309.60ng/dl, 17-0HP 1.72${\pm}$1.74ng/ml. Mean 17-OHP after ACTH stimulation test was 5.07${\pm}$12.01ng/ml. Ultrasonographically measured mean ovarian volume were $11.02{\pm}5.92cm^3$ in right and $9.23{\pm}5.64cm^3$ in left and small sized multiple subcapsular follicular cysts were noted in 43 patients (47.9%) with PCO syndrome.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2011

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is hormonal imbalance condition as the endocrine and metabolic disorder that induces the infertility and various complications in reproductive age women. Estradiol valerate (EV) is used hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women and is reported that excessive administration of EV induces the PCOS. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the factor to regulate the survival and maturation of developing neuronal cell and is also synthesized in ovary. And NGF is overexpressed in EV-induced polycystic ovary (PCO) as previously reported. Therefore, this study examined the possibility of NGF as can be used the biological marker in diagnosis of PCOS, the hormonal imbalance condition, using PCO and CHO (chinese hamster ovarian) cell lines. The concentration of EV treatment is optimized a 1 mg as not influence on the proliferation of CHO cell but 2 mg and 3 mg of EV treatment have the inhibition effect at initial stage. The morphological change was not observed in CHO cell after dose dependent manner treatment of EV. Expression of NGF mRNA and protein is significantly increased at 30 min after EV treatment in CHO cells compared to that of control. And NGF protein expression is strongly increased in PCO tissue, which observed many follicular cysts compared to normal ovary tissue. Taken together, overexpression of NGF may be act as a molecule to induce an abnormal development of follicle, suggesting that NGF can be used as a biological marker in diagnosis of PCOS.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7129-7138
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• 2015

Background: The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation, is a common endocrine disorder in women. PCOS, which is associated with polycystic ovaries, hirsutism, obesity and insulin resistance, is a leading cause of female infertility. In this condition there is an imbalance in female sex hormones. All the sequelae symptoms of PCOS gradually lead to cancer in the course of time. It is heterogeneous disorder of unknown etiology so it is essential to find the exact cause. Materials and Methods: In this study both invasive and non-invasive techniques were employed to establish the etiology. Diagnosis was based on Rotterdam criteria (hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, PCOM) and multiparameters using buccal samples and dermatoglypic analysis and cytogenetic study for 10 cases and four age and sex matched controls. Results: In clinical analysis we have observed the mean value of total testosterone level was 23.6nmol/L, total hirsutism score was from 12-24, facial acne was found in in 70% patients with 7-12 subcapsular follicular cysts, each measuring 2-8 mm in diameter. In dermatoglypic analysis we observed increases in mean value ($45.9^{\circ}$) of ATD angle when compared with control group and also found increased frequency (38%) of Ulnar loops on both fingers (UU), (18%) whorls on the right finger and Ulnar loop on left finger (WU) and (16%) arches on right and left fingers (AA) were observed in PCOS patients when compared with control subjects. Features which could be applied as markers for PCOS patients are the presence of Ulnar loops in middle and little fingers of right and left hand. The buccal micronucleus cytome assay in exfoliated buccal cells, we found decrease in frequency of micronuclei and significant increases in frequency of karyolysed nuclei in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients. Chromosome aberration analysis revealed a significant increase in frequency of chromosome aberrations (CAs) in PCOS patients when compared with controls. Conclusions: From this present work it can be concluded that non-invasive technique like dermatoglypics analysis and buccal micronucleus cytome assays with exfoliated buccal cell can also be effective biomarkers for PCOS, along with increased CAs in lymphocytes as a sign of genetic instability. There is a hypothesis that micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations could have a predictive value for cancer. From this present work it can be concluded to some extent that non-invasive technique like dermatoglypics and buccal cell analysis can also be effective for diagnosis.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.3-4
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• 2000

The synthesis of acyl-CoA catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS, EC 6.2.1.3) from fatty acid, ATP, and CoA is a crucial reaction in mammalian fatty acid metabolism. In arachidonate metabolism, acyl-CoA synthetase(ACS) plays a key role in the esterification of free arachidonate into membrane phospholipids. Following its release by the action of calcium dependent phospholipase, free arachidonate is believed to be rapidly converted to arachidonoyl-CoA and reesterified into phospholipids in order to prevent excessive synthesis of eicosanoids. In previous studies, we have characterized five ACSs (designated as ACS1-5) with different tissue distribution. ACS1, ACS2, and ACS5 are similar in structure and fatty acid preference, and completely different from ACS3 and ACS4. The latter are arachidonate-preferring enzymes closely related in structure but expressed in different tissues: ACS3 mRNA is highly expressed in the brain and the mRNA for ACS4 is expressed in steroidogenic tissues including adrenal gland, ovary, and testis. To learn more about the potential function of ACS4 in arachidonate metabolism, we have produced knock-out mice for ACS4 gene. ACS4+/- females become pregnant less frequently and produce small litters with extremely low transmission of the disrupted alleles. Striking morphological changes including extremely enlarged uterine filled with numerous proliferative cysts of various size were detected in ACS4+/- females. Furthermore, marked accumulation of prostaglandins were seen in the uterus of heterozygous females. These results indicate that ACS4 is critical for the uterine arachidonate metabolism and heterozygous disruption of its gene lead to impaired pregnancy.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.323-326
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• 2008

A two-year-old mixed breed sow was requested to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of Cheju National University with a clinical signs of severe abdominal pain and sudden death. Grossly, there was severe hemorrhage in abdominal cavity. Most of internal parenchymas and subcutaneous muscle showed severe pale discoloration. Both ovaries were enlarged with oval to round protruding multilobular masses and dark red in color. And they were firm and contained multiple small cysts in their cut surface. Histopathologically, numerous neoplastic granulosa cells had spherical-to-oval, hyperchromatic nuclei and scant eosinophilic cytoplasms were distributed with follicular pattern in ovarian masses. And the typical Call-Exner bodies, distinctive microcavityies, were observed in the center of small neoplastic follicles. Based on the gross and histopathologic findings, this case was diagnosed as granulosa cell tumor. In our best knowledge, this is believed to be the first report of granulosa cell tumor in a sow in Korea.