• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2000

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of antler, red ginseng, safflower seed, ipriflavone and estrogen on ovariectomized rats. The rats were fed with Ca and P deficient diet for five weeks to induce osteoporosis. After this period, these animals were fed with normal feed and treated every other day with antler(600 mg/kg, p.o), red ginseng(200 mg/kg, p.o), safflower(200 mg/kg, p.o), ipriflavone(80 mg/kg, p.o) and estrogene(400$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.m) for 5 weeks. During the treatment, the rats were examined for serum concentrations of estradiol, calcitonin, Ca, p and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities. The results are summarized as follows 1. The levels of serum 17 $\beta$-estradiol after five weeks of treatment were showed 39.6$\pm$3.0 pg/ml by antler, 33.2$\pm$2.5pg/ml by red ginseng, 34.9$\pm$2.4pg/ml by safflower, 28.1$\pm$3.1 pg/ml by ipriflavone and 40.6$\pm$3.0pg/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were lower than 50.8$\pm$3.1pg/ml of normal control group which had not received ovariectomy. They, however, were significantly higher than 26.8$\pm$1.8pg/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). 2. The levels of serum calcitonin after five weeks of treatment were showed 0.60$\pm$0.02 ng/ml by antler, 0.55$\pm$0.04ng/ml by red ginseng, 0.59$\pm$0.02ng/ml by safflower, 0.56$\pm$0.04ng/ml by ipriflavone and 0.62$\pm$0.02ng/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were lower than 0.67$\pm$0.03pg/ml of normal control group. However, they were significantly higher than 0.45$\pm$0.05ng/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). 3. The levels of serum Ca of the rats after five weeks of treatment with antler, red ginseng, safflower, ipriflavone and estrogen were 23.51$\pm$2.19$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 25.22$\pm$3.44$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 23.20$\pm$0.02$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 24.76$\pm$3.57$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 23.07$\pm$3.66$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, respectively. They were a bit higher than 21.43$\pm$2.22$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 26.12$\pm$0.29$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ which was significantly higher than that of control group(P<0.05). 4. The serum P concentraions after five weeks of treatment were showed 12.11$\pm$2.14$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by antler, 13.18$\pm$1.64u91m4 by red ginseng, 12.67 $\pm$2.31$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by safflower, 12.38$\pm$2.07$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by ipriflavone, 11.86$\pm$1.93$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by estrogen-treated group. They were a bit higher than 11.29$\pm$1.23$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 13.42$\pm$1.87$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ which was higher than that of control group but not significant. 5. The levels of serum ALP after five weeks of treatment were showed 164.8$\pm$3.8IU/ml by antler, 277.7$\pm$4.8IU/ml by red ginseng, 288.5$\pm$4.5IU/ml by safflower, 214.7$\pm$5.7IU/ml by ipriflavone and 159.4$\pm$5.4IU/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were significantly higher than 144.1$\pm$3.5IU/ml of normal control group(p<0.05). However, they were significantly lower than 336.9 $\pm$12.7IU/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). Antler and safflower elevated serum estradiol and calcitonin, and decreased serum ALP significantly. Therefore they were thought to have therapeutic effect on osteoposis by making inhibitory effect on osteoclasts rather than activating osteoblasts.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.191-203
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• 1994

$K^+$ channel openers (KCOs) are known to have a wide range of effects by opening the $K^+$ channel in plasma membranes of various smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and pancreatic ${\beta}-cell$. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 5 types of KCOs, cromakalim, RP49356, pinacidil, nicorandil and diazoxide on the contractility of isolated rat uterus. All KCOs tested inhibited the uterine contraction induced by 0.2 nM oxytocin in a dose-dependent manner. Individual KCO and its $pD_2$ values were cromakalim 6.5, RP49356 6.3, pinacidil 5.92, nicorandil 4.43 and diazoxide 4.18. The relaxant effects of KCO were inhibited by glibenclamide (0.3, 1 and $10\;{\mu}M$) with $pA_2$ values of cromakalim 6.91, RP49356 6.59, pinacidil 6.55, nicorandil 5.97 and diazoxide 6.37. In addition, the relaxant effect of cromakalim or pinacidil was antagonised by TEA, a non-selective $K^+$ channel blocker, but not by apamin. Contractions induced by low concentration of KCI (< 40 mM) were inhibited by cromakalim $(100{\mu}M)$ and nicorandil $(300{\mu}M)$, but those evoked by higher concentration (> 40 mM) of KCI were little affected. In ovariectomized rat uterus, cromakalim dose-dependently inhibited oxytocin-induced contraction and glibenclamide $(10{\mu}M)$ inhibited the relaxant effect of cromakalim with $pD_2$ and $K_B$ values of 7.48 and $1.26{\times}10^{-7}M$, respectively. In estrogen-primed rat uterus, these values were 6.51 and $1.57{\times}10^{-7}M$, respectively, indicating that the cromakalim is less effective on the estrogen-treated uterine smooth muscle. Our results suggest that the KCO-sensitive $K^+$ channels participate in the motility of uterine smooth muscle and such channels are, at least in part, under the control of estrogen. In addition, our data Indicate that the type of $K^+$ channels activated by KCO is ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels which is blocked by glibenclamide.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1988

These studies were undertaken to examine the interaction of tamoxifen with sex steroid hormones in rat uterine activity. The uterine wet weights of the immature Tat uterus were examined after the administration of estradiol-l7$\beta$(1$\mu$g), tamoxifen(50$\mu$g), progesterone(lmg). The uterotropic activity in immature ovariectomized rats was observed under various treatment conditions following pretreatment with above drugs. The results obtained were as follows:1) Tamoxifen produced significant increase (p <0.01) in uterine wet weight compared with control group, although the increase was not as great as that seen with estradiol-17$\beta$. Administration of estradiol-17$\beta$ together with tamoxifen inhibited significantly the increase of uterine wet weight by estradiol-17$\beta$ (p < 0.01). Coadministration of progresterone with tamoxifen partly blocked the increase of tamoxifen-induced uterine wet weights by progesterone. 2) Estradiol-17$\beta$after the estradiol-17$\beta$ pretreatment discontinued the declining uterine wet weights due to the absence of estrogen support, but uteri continued to increase in weight if daily estradiol-17 $\beta$ was maintained. Administration of tamoxifen on the fourth day of estradiol-17$\beta$ treatment reduced uterine wet weights within 24 hours, and the weights continued to decline with additional tamoxifen. 3) The modest growth of the uterus induced by three daily injections of 5Opg tamoxifen remained stable for five days, with or without additional tamoxifen treatment. Coadministration of tamoxifen with estradiol17$\beta$ increased slightly the increase of uterine wet weight by tamoxifen. Coadministration of tamoxifen with progesterone inhibited the increase of uterine wet weight by tamoxifen. 4) The modest growth of the uterus induced by three daily injections of lmg progesterone reduced uterine wet weight to the control level for five days. Commencement of tamoxifen or estadiol-17 $\beta$ injections on the fourth day of progesterone treatment rapidly elevated uterine wet weight.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pueraria lobata (PL) extract on obesity related hormones in rats with estrogen deficiency. Methods: The experiments were performed with the use of ovariectomized rats as estrogen-deficient obesity rat model. They were grouped Normal (sham operation group), Control (ovariectomy group), 50 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋50 mg/kg of PL), 100 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋100 mg/kg of PL), 200 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋200 mg/kg of PL). PL extract was orally administered for 8 weeks once a day. Body weights and serum levels of hormones, such as leptin, estradiol, cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and adiponectin were estimated by ELISA. Results: PL extract significantly decreased body weight, the serum levels of leptin in estrogen-deficient obesity rats. PL extract significantly increased the serum levels of estradiol and CCK. However, PL extract did not directly effect on the levels of ghrelin and adiponectin in estrogen-deficient obesity rats. Conclusions: It is concluded that PL extract reduced body weight, and regulate the hormones related to energy metabolism. PL extract decreased the serum levels of leptin. PL extract increased the serum levels of estradiol and CCK. These results indicate that PL might have potentials for treatment of obesity and complications during the menopause caused by estrogen-deficiency.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2000

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotection effect of estrogen on brain atrophy following cerebral infarction. Method : All animals in this study were classified into 4 groups; ovariectomy group (OVXgroup), cerebral infarction group (INF group), combination ovariectomy and cerebral infarction group (OVX + INF group), and naturally intact group for control data (NOR group). Cerebral infarction was made by Chen's method with some modification. Ovariectomy was performed by Wayforth's method. Experimental data for each group was collected at 15 days, month, 3 months, and 6 months after starting observation. Serum $17{\beta}-estradiol(E2)$ was determined by radioimmunoassay. Brain volume was measured and calculated with image analysis. Each brain was sliced at intervals of 2mm in chamber after 30 min of freezing in refregerater. Cerebral volume was obtained by sum of volume of each slice level, which was mean $area{\;}{\times}{\;}2mm$. Results : Cerebral ischemia was found to decrease the serum concentration of $17{\beta}-{\;}estradiol(E2)$ and to inhibit the physiologically conpensatary function of the ovariectomized rats. Also we found that deprivation of estrogen have resulted in more severe cerebral atrophy followed by cerebral infarction. Conclusion : It is suggested that estrogen has a neuroprotection effect on cerebral atrophy following cerebral infarction.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.377-382
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• 1999

12주령 랫트의 양측 난소를 적출한 후, 난소적출이 골다공증 형성에 미치는 영향을 이해하고자 본 연구를 시행하였던 바 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 난소적출 후 매주 골소실이 일어나기 시작하였으며 5주부터 시작하여 7주에서는 정상대조군에 비하여 골소실의 증가가 두드러지게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 랫트의 난소를 적출하여 여성호르몬의 결점을 유발하면 난소적출 후 5주부터 시작하여 7주에는 골다공증이 발생되었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.156-160
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• 2005

Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix root extracts (SMR) was evaluated for inhibition of the progress of bone loss induced by ovariectomy (OVX) in rats. We measured body weight and bone histomorphometry in sham, OVX and SMR-administered OVX rats. From light microscopic analyses, porous or erosive appearances were observed on the surface of trabecular bone of tibia in OVX rats, whereas those of the same bone in sham rats and in SMR-administered rats were composed of fine particles. The trabecular bone area and trabecular thickness in OVX rats were decreased by $50\%$ from those in sham rats, and these decreases were completely inhibited by administration of SMR for 7 weeks. In this study, the mechanical strength in femur neck was significantly enhanced by the treatment of SMR for 7 weeks. In OVX rats, free $T_3$ was normal in all cases, whereas free $T_4$ was significantly increased. Although there was no difference between OVX and SMR-administered rat in $T_3$ levels, we have found significant difference between them in $T_4$ level. These results strongly suggest that SMR may be beneficial for preventing bone loss in OVX rats.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2005

The identification of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) has led to potential novel insights on disease pathogenesis (atherosclerosis, cancer, Alzheimer's disease) and the regulation of normal organ function. The present in vivo study with estrogen or soy-isoflavones has provided evidence for the association between COX-2 and ICAM-1 (Intercellular adhersion molecule-1). In the system of mature female rats, soy-isoflavones exerted more pronounced effect on ICAM-1 inhibitory and COX-2 stimulatory effect than estrogen. In the system of ovariectomized estrogen deficient rats, the down-regulatory properties of soy-isoflavones on ICAM-1 was less evident, whereas estrogen exerted the inhibitory activity. These results demonstrate that COX-2 limits adhersion molecule expression on rat aorta cells and suggest that COX-2 may play a protective role in cardiovascular system in mature female rats. Soy-isoflavones appear to have beneficial effect on vascular systems through modulation of ICAM-1 and COX-2, and these molecules appeared to be closely associated.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.285-290
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• 2002

홍화씨는 한방 및 민간에서 뼈에 우수한 작용이 있는 것으로 알려져 오랫동안 복용되어 왔다. 최근 고령화 사회를 맞이하면서 골다공증 문제는 사회적인 문제로 인식되고 있으며 저자들이 기존에 실시한 실험결과에 의하면 홍화씨 분말은 난소를 적출한 rat에서 골다공증의 예방효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 아직까지 골다공증이 유발된 rat에서 홍화씨 분말이 미치는 효과에 관한 실험적 자료가 제시된 것은 별로 없다. 이에 저자들은 홍화씨 분말이 골다공증의 치료에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 본 실험을 실시하였다. 실험동물은 체중 230 g의 12주령의 Sprague-Dawley Rats를 사용하였으며, 양쪽 난소제거 후 7주부터 홍화씨 분말을 매일 0.3 g씩 복용시키면서 1, 3 및 5주 후에 경골을 채취하여 관찰하였다. 채취된 조직은 통상적인 주사전자현미경 시료제작법으로 고겅과정을 거친 후 10% 질산으로 12시간 탈회하여 뼈의 단면을 노출시키고 탈수, 건조 및 금도금 과정을 거쳐 주사전자현미경(Hitachi, S-450)으로 관찰하여 촬영하였다. 관찰결과 대조군은 골수강에서 피질골까지의 두께의 감소와 골수강의 확장이 심하였으나, 홍화씨 분말을 투여한 실험군에서는 1주에서 5주까지 거의 같은 소견을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 홍화씨 분말은 여성호르몬 결핍으로 인한 골다공증의 치료에 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.30-47
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• 2013

목 적: 본 연구는 만성 스트레스로 인한 갱년기 우울증 모델에서 사물탕가향부자(SGH)의 항우울 효과를 검증하여 실험적 유의성을 확인하고자 시행되었다. 방 법: 난소적출 흰쥐에 4주간 만성 스트레스를 가하고 SGH(100 and 400 mg/kg/day)를 투여한 후 행동검사인 sucrose intake test(SIT), elevated plus maze(EPM), forced swimming test(FST) 및 Morris water maze test(MWMT) 등을 통한 우울행동 변화와 혈청 corticosterone(CORT), IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IL-4 등의 변화를 측정하였고, 또한 뇌 내 hippocampus와 hypothalamus에서 5-HT의 변화를 측정하였다. 결 과: 1. SIT에서 SGH 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 자당 섭취가 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 2. EPM에서 SGH 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 open arms에 머무는 시간이 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.01), open arms와 closed arms를 교차하는 횟수도 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 3. FST에서 SGH 100 mg/kg/day, 400 mg/kg/day 투여군 모두 대조군에 비해서 immobility시간이 유의하게 줄어들었다(SGH 100 p<0.05, SGH 400 p<0.01). 4. MWMT에서 SGH 100 mg/kg/day, 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 모두 대조군에 비해서 실험 4일째에서 acquisition trials 수행 시간이 유의하게 단축되었고(p<0.05), SGH 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 retention trials 수행 시간이 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 5. CORT와 IL-4 측정에서 대조군과 SGH 투여군 모두 유의한 변화가 없었고, IL-$1{\beta}$ 측정에서 대조군에서는 유의하게 증가하였지만 SGH 투여군에서는 대조군에 비해서 유의한 변화가 없었다. 6. Hippocampus에서의 5-HT 측정에서 SGH 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). Hypothalamus에서의 5-HT수준은 SGH 투여군 모두 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다(SGH 100 p<0.05, SGH 400 p<0.01). 결 론: 이상의 결과로 SGH는 만성 스트레스를 가한 난소적출 흰쥐에서 항우울 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었고, HPA axis, immune system 보다 5-HT system에 작용하는 것으로 사료된다.