• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4369-4371
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• 2012

Aim: Metastatic tumor of bone is the most common malignancy involving bone and is an important predictor of prognosis in advanced cancers. The prognosis depends upon the primary site of origin and the extent of disease. In current study, we present the pattern and distribution of metastatic bone disease seen in the leading cancer care center of Pakistan, Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital & Research Center (SKMCH & RC), Lahore. Materials & Methods: All cases of bony metastatic disease were included that presented in the Pathology Department, from Jan 2005 to July 2011. Patients of all ages and both sexes were included. Primary bone tumors, lymphomas, sarcomas and other malignancies were excluded. The data were recorded and analyzed with SPSS 16.0. Results: A total of 146 cases of metastatic bone disease were included in the study. Out of the total cases, 79 were male and 67 were female. Age range 25-82 years (median 52). Hip bone was the most frequent bone involved, with femur and vertebrae as second and third in the list. The commonest bone involved in males was vertebrae with 23 cases and in females was hip bone with 22 cases. Regarding primary site, cancers of breast, prostate and gastrointestinal tract were at the top of the list with prostate and breast being the most frequent primary sites of metastasis in males and females respectively. Conclusion: Bone metastasis is an important entity to consider in the differential diagnosis whenever a bony tumor especially carcinoma present in older age. Our data are comparable with international findings and the literature available regarding the site and distribution of skeletal metastatic lesions. A slight deviation noted was more common bony metastatic lesions with ovarian primaries in females and gastrointestinal tract cancers in males in our study.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

Objectives : To analyze medical expenses by cancer site and survival time among cancer patients in their last year of life. Method : The study subjects were 45,394 people that had died of cancers in 2002, were registered by the Korea Central Cancer Registry and received National Health Insurance benefit in the last year (360 days) of life. Personal identification data, general characteristics, dates of death and cancer incidence, and site of cancer were collected from the National Statistical Office and the Korea Central Cancer Registry, and merged with the data of the individual medical expenses of the Health Insurance Review Agency. Results : Average monthly cost curves were U-shaped with high costs near the time of diagnosis and death, and lower costs in between. Medical expenses in the last year of life were around 30.3, 16.7, 13.0, and 12.1 million won among leukemia, lymphoma, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer patients, respectively. Digestive organ cancers including stomach, esophagus, liver, pancreas, and colorectal cancers had relatively low medical expenses. Medical expenses in the last year of life were inverse U-shaped with high expenses near one year of survival. Average monthly cost in the 12 months before death among the patients who had survived $10{\sim}15$ years were more than two-fold greater than the cost before diagnosis among those who had survived for less than one year. Conclusions : Leukemia was the most expensive cancer. It is possible that once diagnosed as cancer, medical expenses do not return to the level before diagnosis. Further research will be needed to understand the magnitude and change of the medical expenses among cancer patients with long term follow up data.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.557-562
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• 2018

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major sources of cellular oxidative stress. Specifically, cancer cells harbor genetic alterations that promote a continuous and elevated production of ROS. While such oxidative stress conditions could be harmful to normal cells, they facilitate cancer cell growth in multiple ways by causing DNA damage and genomic instability, and ultimately by reprogramming cancer cell metabolism. This review provides up to date findings regarding the roles of ROS generation induced by diverse biological molecules and chemicals in representative women's cancer. Specifically, we describe the cellular signaling pathways that regulate direct or indirect interactions between ROS homeostasis and metabolism within female genital cancer cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.117-117
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• 2002

Paclitaxel isolated from the pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia, is microtuble-stabilizing agent that has a promising anticancer activity against a wide variety of tumors such as ovarian, breast and lung cancers. Because of its poor water solubility, paclitaxel is currently formulated in a mixture of polyoxyethyleneglycerol triricinoleate 35 (Cremophor EL) and dehydrated ethanol USP (1:1 v/v).(omitted)

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2016

The p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1) has emerged as a potential target for anticancer therapy. It is overexpressed in ovarian, breast and bladder cancers. This suggests that PAK1 may contribute to tumorigenesis. 4-azaindole derivatives are reported as potent PAK1 inhibitors. The present work deals with the molecular docking studies of 4-azaindoles with PAK1. Probable binding mode of these inhibitors has been identified by molecular modeling. Docking results indicated that hydrogen bonding interactions with Glu345 and Leu347 are responsible for governing inhibitor potency of the compounds. Additionally, Val284, Val328, Met344 and Leu396 were found to be accountable for hydrophobic interactions inside the active site of PAK1.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.258-270
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• 2022

Cancer has become a common disease for the past two decades throughout the globe and there is significant increase of cancer among women. Breast cancer and ovarian cancers are more prevalent among women. Majority of the patients approach the physicians only during their final stage of the disease. Early diagnosis of cancer remains a great challenge for the researchers. Although several drugs are being synthesized very often, their multi-benefits are less investigated. With millions of drugs synthesized and their data are accessible through open repositories. Drug repurposing can be done using machine learning techniques. We propose a feature selection technique in this paper, which is novel that generates multiple populations for the grey wolf algorithm and classifies breast cancer drugs efficiently. Leukemia drug dataset is also investigated and Multilayer perceptron achieved 96% prediction accuracy. Three supervised machine learning algorithms namely Random Forest classifier, Multilayer Perceptron and Support Vector Machine models were applied and Multilayer perceptron had higher accuracy rate of 97.7% for breast cancer drug classification.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.598-602
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• 2011

A 4-year-old female Shih-tzu dog weighing 5.1 kg was referred with abdominal distension and diagnosed as cystic papillary adenocarcinoma with metastasis to serosal surface of abdomen by biopsy. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatin (50 $mg/m^2$) diluted in normal saline (250 $ml/m^2$) was initiated following removal of ascites one month after ovariohysterectomy (OHE). Clinical response was great and had no side effects during the chemotherapy period (3 relapses, 33 months after diagnosis). However, pleural effusion occurred with ascites and renal failure at the end of treatment. Eleven treatments of cisplatin were performed during 35 months after diagnosis. Intraperitoneal cisplatin instillation has been effective to control malignant ascites and pleural effusion in ovarian cancers and could be a reasonable palliative treatment. This is the first case report describing intraperitoneal cisplatin chemotherapy in metastatic ovarian cyst papillary adenocarcinoma in Korea.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2010

Apoptosis is a crucial mechanism for the proper regulation of homeostasis. BCL-2 family proteins are key molecules which control cellular survival and apoptosis. MCL-1 (myeloid cell leukemia-1) is a pro-survival member of BCL-2 family that promotes the survival of cells, and is highly expressed in diverse cancers including ovarian cancer, leukemia, and cervical cancer. Previously we identified IEX-1 (immediate early response gene X-1) as a binding partner of MCL-1. In the present study, we demonstrated that overexpression of IEX-1 induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, IEX-1 significantly attenuated the pro-survival function of MCL-1 in these cells. Also, IEX-1-induced cell death activity was able to be modulated by changes in the expression level of MCL-1. Thus, these results suggest that both IEX-1 and MCL-1 modulate each other's function controlling cellular survival and death and the inhibitory activity of IEX-1 toward MCL-1 may be applied for the development of chemotherapeutics.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.565-573
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• 1998

Malignant pleural effusions are most commonly associated with lung cancers, however, it also can be resulted from breast cancers, ovarian cancers, stomach cancers and so on. According to the their histologic types, adenocarcinoma have been known as the most common cell type of malignant pleural effusions and squamous cell carcinoma is rare. We herein present incidences, clinical characteristics and survivals of malignant pleural effusions according to their cell types and primary diseases. The objects are 84 malignant pleural effusion patients diagnosed by pleural fluid cytologic examination or pleural biopsy from Jan. 1992 to May. 1997 in Seoul National University Hospital. A retrospective chart review on their histologic types, biochemical parameters and survivals is described. Among 84 patients, 52 were males and the other 32 were females with 1.6:1 of male and female ratio and their mean age was 57.6 years old. Common symptoms of them wele dyspnea, cough, sputum and pleuritic chest pain. The proportions of bloody nature of effusion, lymphocyte dominant pleural effusion, exudative effusions were 66%, 39% and 93%, respectively. They consisted of 54 cases of adenocarcinoma(33 cases of them were lung cancers), and 10 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (8 cases of them were lung cancers), 10 cases of malignant lymphoma, 8 cases of small cell lung cancer and a case of mesothelioma and leukemia. There was no differences in characteristics of effusions, clinical features and survivals between each histologic cell types. Analyzing them according to primary diseases, no difference except longer survivals in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer than from other cancers was observed. In conclusion, considering the incidences of histologic types of lung cancers during same period (squamous cell carcinoma; 47%, adenocarcinoma; 33%, small cell lung cancer; 12% and large cell carcinoma; 2%), malignant pleural effusions more likely occurred in adenocarcinoma than other cell types of lung cancers and there was no significant difference of clinical characteristics between histologic types.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1061-1075
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• 2016

Context: There are no recent authoritative data about incidence and prevalence of various types of cancers in Pakistan. Aim: To determine the frequency of malignant tumors seen in our practice and provide a foundation for building a comprehensive cancer care strategy. Materials and Methods: 10,000 successive cases of solid malignant tumors reported in 2014 were included. All cases had formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens available and diagnosis was based on histological examination of H&E stained slides plus ancillary studies at the Section of Histopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. The latest WHO classifications were used along with the latest CAP protocols for reporting and the most updated TNM staging. Results: There were 9,492 (94.9%) primary tumors while 508 (5.1%) were metastatic. Some 5,153 (51.5%) were diagnosed in females and 4,847 (48.5%) in males. The commonest malignant tumors in females were breast (32%), esophagus (7%), lymphomas (6.8%), oral cavity (6.7%) and ovary (4.8%), while in males they were oral cavity (13.9%), lymphomas (12.8%), colorectum (7.9%), stomach (6.9%) and esophagus (6.6%). Malignant tumors were most common in the 5th, 6th and 7th decades. About 8% were seen under 20 years of age. Conclusions: Oral cavity and gastrointestinal cancers continue to be extremely common in both genders. Breast and esophageal cancers are prevalent in females. Lung and prostate cancer are less common than in the west. Ovarian cancer was very common but cervix cancer was less so.