• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1972

The outdoor design conditions for the locality are the basic problem in the design of air conditioning system. The ideal solution to the basic problem is to design a building that has a capacity at maximum output just equal to the load which develops the most severe conditions for the locality occur, but in most cases, economics interferes the attainment of the ideal. Studies of weather records show that the most severe conditions do not repeat themselves every year. The weather conditions of principal cities such as Seoul, Inchon, Suwon, Taegu, Chonju, Ulsan, Kwangju, Pusan and Mokpo in Korea have been analyzed to determine the probability of occurrence of certain temperatures according to recent 10 years $(1960\∼1969)$ weather records. The outdoor conditions for winter air conditioning design are shown on Table 2. The outdoor conditions for summer air condioning design are shown on Table 7. Heating degree days are shown on Table 10 and 11.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.97-111
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• 2007

This study examined the actual conditions of outdoor facilities and evaluated safety evaluations levels in playgrounds based on types of kindergartens. The samples for the survey were 100 kindergartens in Seongnam city Gyeonggi-Do province. Most outdoor facilities consisted of playgrounds with sand area and complex playing equipments, while wood-working area, sensory playing area, and mud playing area were less equipped than other facilities. In the case of outdoor playing facilities there were meaningful environmental differences within kindergartens. The public has less diversity in play areas and equipments and providing safety guidelines in playgrounds than privates. The score for the safety evaluations in the outdoor play environment was higher than average. As the range outdoor playing facilities increased, safety was dually considered, while kindergartens with a higher ratio of child-teacher numbers exhibited less consideration to playground safety.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.675-689
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the actual conditions of kindergarten outdoor facilities in Korea, based on their establishment types and their located areas. The subjects for the survey were 6,819 kindergartens, and the subjects for sample-depth survey were the 10% of the total group, The study was conducted with an online survey and an on-the-spot survey, Spss 12.0 was used for statistics analysis, Most outdoor facilities of kindergartens in Korea consisted of playgrounds with soil or sand and complex playing equipments, The rate of Kindergartens' owning and utilizing their educational equipments was high. The educational utility of kindergarten outdoor facilities was high, too, but the needs of public kindergartens and that of private kindergartens were different. The 3% of private kindergartens had playgrounds on the roof, so they needed to be inspected periodically by the authorities. The kindergartens attached to the primary schools needed independent playgrounds of primary schools, Most kindergartens are required to explore diverse paving materials of their playgrounds and to develop outdoor equipments for childrens' creative playing.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 2017

Of high strength bolts, the torque shear type bolt is known to be clamped normally when pin-tails are broken. Sometimes the clamping loads on slip critical connections considerably fluctuate from the required tension due to variation of torque coefficient. This is why the viscosity of lubricant affects the torque coefficient by temperature. In this study, the clamping tests of high strength bolts were performed independently at laboratory conditions and at outdoor environment. The temperatures of outdoor environment candidates were ranged from $-11^{\circ}C$ to $34^{\circ}C$ for six years. The temperature at laboratory condition was composed from $-10^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$ at each $10^{\circ}C$ interval. At outdoor environment conditions, the clamping load of high strength bolt was varied from 159 to 210 kN and the torque value was varied from 405 to 556 Nm. The torque coefficients at outdoor environment were calculated from 0.126 to 0.158 when tensions were measured from 179 to 192 kN by using tension meter. The torque coefficients at outdoor environment conditions were analyzed as the range from 0.118 to 0.152. From these tests, the diverse equations of torque coefficient, tension dependent to temperature can be acquired by statistic regressive analysis. The variable of torque coefficient at laboratory conditions is 0.13% per each $1^{\circ}C$ when it reaches 2.73% per each $1^{\circ}C$ at outdoor environment conditions. When the results at laboratory conditions and at outdoor environment were combined to get the revised equations, the change in torque coefficient was modified as 0.2% per each $1^{\circ}C$ and the increment of tension was adjusted as 1.89 % per each $1^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.608-613
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• 2008

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effect of outdoor weather conditions on the performance of a heat recovery ventilator. Experiments have been performed by varying outdoor temperature/humidity conditions with the indoor conditions fixed at the standard conditions by KARSE. Results indicate humidity efficiency shows larger uncertainties than temperature efficiency in general. With the heat generation by an internal fan removed, the modified temperature efficiency remains almost constant regardless of the indoor-outdoor temperature difference. The enthalpy efficiency can have very large or negative values in case the outdoor conditions are in the vicinity of the indoor enthalpy line. The direction of heat flow, in such a case, can be opposite to that of moisture flow between two air streams. Discussions are included about various interesting features of the psychrometric processes taking place in a heat recovery ventilator.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.322-356
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• 1985

The outdoor design conditions for summer and winter are basic data required for determining the heating and cooling loads and HVAC equipment capacity. The latest study reported was based on the 1960's weather data, which is widely used by HVAC design engineers in Korea. The purpose of this paper is to update the outdoor design conditions for HVAC loads and equipments based on the weather data for the 1970's. The weather conditions of 24 sites, namely Sokcho, Chuncheon, Gangreung, Seoul, Inchon, Ulreungdo, Suweon, Seosan, Cheongju, Daejeon, Chupungryeong, Pohang, Gunsan, Daegu, Jeonju, Ulsan, Kwangju, Busan, Chungmu, Mokpo, Yeosu, Jeju, Seogwipo, and Jinju have been analyzed to calculate the outdoor design conditions. This analys is performed on the basis of TAC $1\%,\;TAC\;2.5\%,\;and\;TAC\;5\%$.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.85-97
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine purchasing conditions and consumer complaint for outdoor sportswear items. The data used for a study were the complaint facts of 256 cases that were received at the Consumer Complaint Center of Gyeongnam YWCA during the period from July 2011 to April 2013. The statistical methods used to analyze data were Frequency Analysis and $x^2$-test by SPSS 14. The results of purchasing conditions analysis for outdoor sportswear items were as follows. According to outdoor sportswear items, purchasing place, purchasing price, and materials showed significant difference. The department store showed the highest ratio, but the ratio showed difference according to items. The price between over 100,000 won and under 200,000 won was most in case of T-shirts, padding, down jumper, aloha shirts, and pants. It showed as T-shirts and pants mixed spinning materials the most, jacket, padding, and down jumper used polyester the most, aloha shirts used cotton the most. The results of consumer complaint analysis for outdoor sportswear items were as follows. As a result of difference analysis for complaint occurrence place according to outdoor sportswear items, a laundry showed the highest ratio. As a result of difference analysis for the period used outdoor sportswear items until complaint occur, there was no significant difference. As a result of difference analysis for complaint type and contents according to outdoor sportswear items, the complaint types and contents were classified largely as change of color, change of shape, change of surface and touch, breakdown of subsidiary materials, and others.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.5-15
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to clarify the using condition and requirement for outdoor space between the parallel types of elementary school buildings focused on Chungbuk province in Korea. Consequently, we investigated the actual conditions of students and teachers, using conditions of outdoor space between school buildings. The summary of outdoor space can be given below. 1) In the using condition of outdoor spaces, most of them have path & covered walks, garden, playground and soon. The distances between neighboring building fixed, the use and quality of outdoor space is differently to spatial configuration of school buildings. For example, garden functions as itself in case of D/H>3, but the other space to observe in D/H>3. 2) In the requirements of outdoor spaces, the amount of scatter number of classmates and teachers is wide. The favoring outdoor space is the woods to take a rest by oneself, the demanding outdoor space is almost a resting place like a school store in case of classmates and the natural facilities like ponds garden pagora in teachers.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to develop a control algorithm for outdoor air cooling based on the prediction of cooling load, and to evaluate the building energy saving using outdoor air cooling. Outdoor air conditions such as temperature, humidity, and solar insolation are predicted using forecasted information provided by the meteorological agency, and the building cooling load is predicted from the obtained outdoor air conditions and building characteristics. The air flow rate induced by outdoor air is determined by considering the predicted cooling loads. To evaluate the energy saving, the benchmark building is modeled and simulated using the TRNSYS program. Energy saving by outdoor air cooling using load prediction is found to be around 10% of the total cooling coil load in all locations of Korea. As the allowable minimum indoor temperature is decreased, the total energy saving is increased and approaches close to that of the conventional enthalpy control.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.626-634
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• 2015

This study analyzes the wearing and purchasing conditions of outdoor jackets by senior men who are over 50s, and examines product sizes of outdoor jackets in the market. A total of 134 questionnaires and sizing systems (or product size) of 10 outdoor brands were used as analytical data. The results were: a high number of senior men enjoyed hiking as an outdoor activity, with most of them following this activity1-3 times per month and as a preferred personal activity for over 5 years. Most needed outdoor wear suitable for these daily life activities. Outdoor wear satisfaction tends to decrease as people age. The major reason for the dissatisfaction with outdoor wear was price. Senior men aged 50s and 60s emphasize design and color when purchasing outdoor wear; however, men in their 70s considered price a priority. Senior men preferred outdoor brands based on a comfortable fit. An investigation on 10 outdoor brands indicated that they had not designated a specific target customer. A comparison of the product size of outdoor jackets with a similar silhouette indicated some deviations among sizes; however, the age of customers was not considered. The human body tends to shrink in stature and increase in girth as a person ages; consequently, we need to reflect body shape changes and senior's size in outdoor wear.