• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.391-401
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• 2021

Outdoor sculptures of modern art works are being damaged and deteriorated as they are exposed to the outdoor environment due to the nature of exhibition in the outdoor environment, but secure of basic data through the measures for conservation and advanced researches still remain in the early stage. The surface of "Conversion" which is exhibited in the Busan Cheonmasan Sculpture Park has been exfoliated and deteriorated due to outdoor exhibition for a long time, so systematic conservation and management of works are considered necessary. Prior to the conservation and management, this study conducted observation of cross section, analysis of inorganic components, FT-IR, Raman and Py-GC/Mass analysis to examine the nature and type of paints used for the work through a scientific analysis. As a result of analysis, paints used for the "Conversion" include paint mixed with silvery aluminium powder and white pigment, reddish paint mixed with toluidine red, bluish paint that mixed prussian blue and titanium white and mixture of phthalocyanine blue and titanium white. The result is expected to be used as basic data for selecting materials necessary for conservative treatment of and establishing a plan for conservative treatment of the "Conversion".

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2017

As interest in the public display of art and outdoor sculptures is increasing, the conservation and treatment of these sculptures is becoming increasingly crucial. Long-term exposure to the natural elements and atmospheric pollution can cause corrosion and deterioration in outdoor sculptures. In the case of Kim Chan Shik's "Feeling", which was exhibited in the outdoor sculpture park at the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (MMCA), the patina of the sculpture was damaged during a long outdoor exhibition. Therefore, the treatment process was as follows: recording of condition, sanding, repatination, and wax coating. Consequently, the sculpture was restored similar to the original. Chemical analysis revealed that the sculpture was crafted from bronze and was cast from a quaternary alloy of Cu-Pb-Sn-Zn. The welding is lower in Zn, Sn, and Pb content than the metal used in the sculpture itself. Bright strains contain about 13.0 wt% Sn and 10.5 wt% Pb. The strains are higher in Sn and Pb content than the rest of the metal in the sculpture (7.0 wt% Sn and 4.4 wt% Pb). As a result of component analysis and microstructure observation, the material is estimated to have been made by casting without artificial treatment.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.25-32
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• 2004

All the works including sculpture created by modern artists contain a message that represents both the ideas and spirit of an era. We are entrusted with the responsibility of transmitting to future generations modern art in as nearly as perfect condition as possible. Thus despite the challenges we face in preserving modern art, we are obliged to conserve it. Especially, outdoor sculpture can be considered as not only works of art themselves, but also a public art. The work of contemporary sculptors often refers to the complexity of social relationships between the art and the public space, so that the public space tends to include the actual public in the art. The conservator at this point needs to preserve tile concept of the public art which is incorporated in the public participation in the sculpture, in addition to the materials of the sculpture itself. Once the sculpture is damaged, it will need restoration. Restoration may be essential to prevent further deterioration, or it may be necessary in order to make an object usable again. It is difficult to generalize about restoration because, as with preventive treatment, the acceptable degree of intervention varies from one discipline to another The degree of treatment including restoration may depend on such variables as available resources, the future use of the object, and the needs of the particular discipline to which it belongs. When conservators start to treat artworks or during the treatment, they will face many moments where they have to make a choice. Codes of ethics are necessary in order to provide a basis for making choices. Even though ethics have always been subject to change depending on an era or culture, the ethics subject will be much easier to reached an agreement on than one involving aesthetic value. The aesthetic value will be one of the most prominent factors for defining the damage: even minor loss of parts or discolouration can be considered as fatal damage for artworks. Sometimes, an alteration of the appearancecould be intended by the artist himself so that the artist's intention could be important factor for judging the damage of artworks. But, modern hermeneutic theories show that the artist's intention cannot be the only factor for consideration, so that the interpretation and application of artist's intent should be an interdisciplinary task regarding distinctive social and cultural backgrounds.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3 s.110
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• pp.43-55
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• 2005

Since 1990s, increasing number of public arts have been installed in housing projects in Korea. Most of them were made of granite, bronze and stainless steel and were sculptures as well. Then it resulted in monotony. New technology and community need various Dials in material and genre of Public art. The author wonders if people really want granite sculpture, so started the study of public arts in housing projects. Unfortunately most of people related public art wanted granite sculpture. But there were some hope in survey. They wanted the other genre and material like ceramic wall, art fountain and landmark tower. This means that they care about real world like vandalism and Product Liability, but also want more fantastic and beautiful world in the second step. Recently, the facades of apartments are changing rapidly as more diverse materials in their forms, textures, and colors. And landscape designs are changing their clothes in every second as well. According to these flows public arts in apartments needs more diversified trial within genres and materials to avoid monotonous outdoor.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.24-25
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• 2007

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.383-392
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• 2020

This study aimed to examine the characteristics of paint used for modern art works by conducting sectional observations, inorganic component analysis, and infrared spectroscopic analysis on the painted layers of 3 painted sculpture works exhibited in the Yongdam Dam Environmental Sculpture Park and Naejangsan Sculpture Park in the Jeollabuk-do area. The observations indicate that the cross section is composed of various layers of 2-3 folds, the thickness of the layers was uneven at approximately 23-150 ㎛, and putty was used for plate treatment prior to painting. Inorganic component analysis results show that putty containing calcium carbonate, iron oxide, diatomite, and titanium dioxide was used for the putty layer. It is also assumed that paint mixed with green (Cr₂O₃), blue(sodaliteblue), red(chromered), andwhite(TiO₂) colors were used for the painted layers. As a result of infrared spectroscopic analysis to confirm the types of paint, it is estimated that the paint was mixed with polyester resin and an extender.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.121-128
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• 2019

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to predict corrosion behaviour of metallic Cultural Heritage assets in two monitoring campaigns: 1) an iron bar chain exposed indoor from over 500 years in the Notre Dame Cathedral in Amiens (France); and 2) a large weathering steel sculpture exposed outdoor from tens of years in Ferrara (Italy). The EIS portable instrument employed was battery operated. In situ EIS measurements on the iron chain could be used to investigate the phenomena involved in the electrochemical interfaces among various corrosion products and assess and predict their corrosion behaviour in different areas of the Cathedral. Meanwhile, the sculpture of weathering steel, like most outdoor artefacts, showed rust layers of different chemical composition and colour depending on the orientation of metal plates. The EIS monitoring campaign was carried out on different areas of the artefact surface, allowing assessment of their protective effectiveness. Results of EIS measurements evidenced how employing a simple test that could be performed in situ without damaging the artefacts surface is possible to quickly gain knowledge of the conservation state of an artefact and highlight potential danger conditions.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2017

The currently used wax agents for preserving outdoor metal structures, despite their advantages, have disadvantages such as low endurance and reliability. These wax agents are easily damaged by acid rain, dust, moisture in the air, yellow dust, and air pollutants, resulting in corrosion within a short period after the initial conservation treatment. In addition, aged wax can also exhibit changes in the color or gloss, and also give a sense of difference in the surface. Given these existing problems, it is necessary to develop improved materials for metal preservation. Therefore, this study analyzed the characteristics and applications of the existing wax coating agents in order to identify their disadvantages and to develop a better material for metal preservation. In this regard, this study developed a perilla oil based compound wax and conducted experiments to test its endurance. The new compound wax agent was exposed to outdoor and acid rain conditions: it showed four times and 1.5 times the endurance of the existing wax agents in outdoor and acid rain conditions, respectively. In addition, the new agent seems to be more durable and protective as evidenced by the chromaticity, polish maintenance, and contact angle results. Further, although it is 1.3-1.8 times thicker than the existing agents, the new agent shows a more even surface. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the new compound wax agent based on perilla oil is a better alternative to the existing was coating agents.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.333-343
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• 2016

A study on conservation of outdoor painted sculptures has begun to receive attention as increasing numbers of the sculptures, but it is still in an early stage in South Korea. In the case of a painted outdoor object which has been exhibited in National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (MMCA), 'Black nana' produced by Niki de Saint Phalle in 1964, deterioration was observed, such as flaking and discolouration of paint layers due to ultraviolet light and a sudden temperature change during an outdoor exhibition. For this reason, prior to treatment of the sculpture, to find out the painting techniques and materials applied, cross section, FT-IR, Raman and Py-GC/Mass were conducted. As a result, the type and colour of the paint agree with results of the other studies as well as deterioration pattern. It is expected that the results of this study will be utilized for treatment proposal and conservation material selection of 'Black nana'. In addition, to determine the artist's intention of the artist, cooperation with the foundation of Niki de Saint Phalle and artist's assistants will be carried out.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.24
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• pp.17-22
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to plan, design and reflect to the future naturalization of the urban rivers by using the literatures, field survey results and aerial photography of Milyang River as the case regarding the effect of physical factors of urban rivers on landscape, defining those factors as Sammon fine forest, outdoor stage, Youngnamlu, RC stadium, stroll roads and bicycle roads, artificial island, outdoor swimming pool and sculpture park, and by suggesting the specific characteristics of the landscape according to those factors. The questionnaire survey was made to understand the users' satisfaction and attributes. The statistical analysis was applied, the frequency analysis and percentage calculation were used to find out the citizenship and perception toward the physical factors, and paired-sample T test to compare the average.