• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: The disease resistant (OsCK1) rice was generated by inserting choline kinase (CK1) and phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) genes isolated from Oryza sativa and Streptomyces hygroscopicus into the genome of the rice, Nakdongbyeo. With the potential problems of safeties, the evaluations on non-target organisms are essentially required for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops. In the present study, we conducted the evaluation of acute toxicity on Daphnia magna that commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies for non-target organism evaluation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Effect of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna by each concentration were investigated in the disease resistant (OsCK1) rice and non-genetically modified (non-GM) rice, Nakdongbyeo, as concentration (0, 1,000, 1,800, 3,240, 5,830, 10,500 and 20,000 mg/L). The OsCK1 rice used for the test was confirmed to express the OsCK1/PAT gene by the PCR(Polymerase chain reaction) and western blot analysis. Feeding test showed that no significant differences in cumulative immobility and abnormal response of Daphnia magna fed on OsCK1 rice or non-GM rice. The 48hr-$EC_{50}$ values showed no difference between OsCK1 rice (3,147.18 mg/L) and non-GM rice (3,596.27 mg/L). CONCLUSION: This result suggested that there was no significant difference in toxicity to Daphnia magna between OsCK1 rice and non-GM counterpart.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.231-239
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• 2013

본 연구는 병저항성 OsCK1 유전자와 제초제저항성 PAT 유전자가 도입된 병저항성 GM벼에서 도입 유전자의 발현 검증과 수서환경의 비표적 생물체인 잉어와 미꾸리에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 병저항성 GM벼에 도입된 OsCK1와 PAT 유전자의 PCR 분석 결과, 병저항성 GM벼에서만 특이적인 밴드가 검출되었으며, PAT 단백질 발현량을 ELISA 분석한 결과, 병저항성 GM벼에서만 $45.44{\pm}2.23{\mu}g/g$ 수준으로 검출되었고, 모품종인 낙동벼에서는 검출되지 않았다. 병저항성 GM벼와 낙동벼의 미꾸리(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)와 잉어(Cyprinus carpio)에 대한 급성독성시험을 실시한 결과, 48시간 및 96시간-$LC_{50}$ 은 5,000 mg/L 이상으로 나타났다. 48시간 및 96시간 무영향농도 NOEC)는 5,000 mg/L이었다. 급성독성 시험기간 중 병저항성 GM벼와 낙동벼간의 pH, DO, 수온, 체중 및 전장에 대한 유의적인 결과는 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.185-196
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of rice genetically modified to be resistant against rice blast and rice bacterial blight on the soil microbial community. A comparative analysis of the effects of rice genetically modified rice choline kinase (OsCK1) gene for disease resistance (GM rice) and the Nakdong parental cultivar (non-GM rice) on the soil microbial community at each stage was conducted using rhizosphere soil of the OsCK1 and Nakdong rice. METHODS AND RESULTS: The soil chemistry at each growth stage and the bacterial and fungal population densities were analyzed. Soil DNA was extracted from the samples, and the microbial community structures of the two soils were analyzed by pyrosequencing. No significant differences were observed in the soil chemistry and microbial population density between the two soils. The taxonomic analysis showed that Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were present in all soils as the major phyla. Although the source tracking analysis per phylogenetic rank revealed that there were differences in the bacteria between the GM and non-GM soil as well as among the cultivation stages, the GM and non-GM soil were grouped according to the growth stages in the UPGMA dendrogram analysis. CONCLUSION: The difference in bacterial distributions between Nakdong and OsCK1 rice soils at each phylogenetic level detected in microbial community analysis by pyrosequencing may be due to the genetic modification done on GM rice or due to heterogeneity of the soil environment. In order to clarify this, it is necessary to analyze changes in root exudates along with the expression of transgene. A more detailed study involving additional multilateral soil analyses is required.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

Flowering time (or heading date) is controlled by intrinsic genetic programs in response to environmental cues, such as photoperiod and temperature. Rice, a facultative short-day (SD) plant, flowers early in SD and late in long-day (LD) conditions. Casein kinases (CKs) generally act as positive regulators in many signaling pathways in plants. In rice, Heading date 6 (Hd6) and Hd16 encode $CK2{\alpha}$ and CKI, respectively, and mainly function to delay flowering time. Additionally, the major LD-dependent floral repressors Hd2/Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator 37 (OsPRR37;hereafter PRR37) and Ghd7 also confer strong photoperiod sensitivity. In floral induction, Hd16 acts upstream of Ghd7 and CKI interacts with and phosphorylates Ghd7. In addition, Hd6 and Hd16 also act upstream of Hd2. However, whether CKI and $CK2{\alpha}$ directly regulate the function of PRR37 remains unclear. Here, we use in vitro pull-down and in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays to show that CKI and $CK2{\alpha}$ interact with PRR37. We further use in vitro kinase assays to show that CKI and $CK2{\alpha}$ phosphorylate different regions of PRR37. Our results indicate that direct posttranslational modification of PRR37 mediates the genetic interactions between these two protein kinases and PRR37. The significance of CK-mediated phosphorylation for PRR37 and Ghd7 function is discussed.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2009

Purpose: Doxylamine succinate (DS) is frequently used to treat insomnia and it may induce rhabdomyolysis in the overdose cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors that can predict the serum creatine kinase (CK) level normalization time for patients with rhabdomyolysis due to DS ingestion. Methods: This study was conducted on 71 patients who were admitted with rhabdomyolysis after DS ingestion during the period from January 2000 to July 2009. Rhabdomyolysis was defined as a serum CK level over 1,000 U/L. The collected data included the general characteristics, the anticholinergic symptoms, the ingested dose, the peak serum CK level, the time interval (TI) from the event to the peak CK level and the TI from the event to a CK level below 1,000 U/L. We evaluated the correlation between the patients' variables and the TI from the event to the peak CK level time and the time for a CK level below 1,000 U/L. Results: The mean ingested dose per body weight (BW) was $30.86{\pm}18.63\;mg/kg$ and the mean TI from the event to treatment was $4.04{\pm}3.67$ hours. The TI from the event to the peak CK level was longer for the patients with a larger ingestion dose per BW (r=0.587, p<0.05). The CK normalization time was longer for the patients with a larger ingested dose per BW (r=0.446, p<0.05) and a higher peak CK level (r=0.634, p<0.05). Conclusion: The ingested dose per BW was correlated with the TI from the event to the peak CK level, and the ingested dose per BW and the peak CK level have significant correlations with the CK normalization time. These factors may be used to determine the discharge period of patients who had rhabdomyolysis following a OS overdose.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

후대교배종 CM 벼의 정성 PCR 검정방법을 개발하기 위하여, 벼의 내재유전자로써 OsCs-J(rice cytochrome c gene)을 선발하여 OsCytC-5'/3'의 primer쌍을 제작하고, 벼를 포함한 서로 다른 8개 작물에 대하여 PCR을 수행한 결과 벼에 특이적으로 증폭되는 111 bp의 반응 산물을 확인하였다. 국내 개발된 LS28$\times$CryIAc1 GM 벼의 검정 분석으로 정성 PCR 반응을 수행하였다. 정성 PCR을 위하여 GM 벼에 도입된 T-DNA 및 게놈상의 도입유전자 삽입부위의 인접서열을 바탕으로 구조 및 계통 특이적인 검정 primer 쌍을 제작하였다. ActCk-5'/3' primer 쌍을 이용하여 LS28의 T-DNA 내의 actin 프로모터와 OsCK1 유전자 사이를 증폭시켜 306 bp의 PCR 반응 산물을 얻을 수 있었으며, 또한 계통특이 primer 쌍인 CryIAc1 GM 벼유래의 CrLB-5'/3' 및 LS28 GM 벼 유래의 CKRB-5'/3'를 이용한 PCR 반응으로 각각 142 bp와 91 bp의 도입유전자의 인접서열 부위의 특이적인 증폭 산물을 확인할 수 있었다. 계통 특이적 검정을 위한 이들 개발 primer 쌍들은 event 계통과 대조적으로 non-GM 벼와 다양한 작물에 대하여 어떠한 특이적인 PCR 증폭 산물을 형성하지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 계통특이 primer를 이용하여 후대교배종 GM 벼 계통, L528$\times$CryIAc1을 특이적으로 검출할 수 있음을 확인하였고, 제시된 방법이 GM 벼의 실용화를 위한 위해성평가의 검정방법 자료로 제공될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2735-2738
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• 2012

Background: Our objective was to clarify the clinical and biological characteristics of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and non-basal-like breast cancer (TN3BKE) in Heilongjiang. Methods: We examined, by immunohistochemistry, expression of biological markers cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and B cell specific moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1( Bmi-1) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We studied the correlation between BLBC and several factors related to tumor progression, along with its prognostic value. Results: In the 229 cases of operable TNBC, BLBC was detected in 178 (77.7%) and TN3BKE- in 51 (22.2%). There was no significant difference in clinicopathological factors between them, However, BLBC was significantly associated with Bmi-1 expression (P=0.000) and shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.045) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.041). Conclusions: Compared with the non-basal group, patients with BLBC have a high expression of Bmi-1 and a poor prognosis.