• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.1 s.48
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• pp.111-128
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• 1995

This study was investigated to assess the difference of facial height and occlusal plane inclination between pre- and post-treatment in Class I malocclusion group The subjects consisted of 35 extraction patients and 30 nonextraction patient,;, and was subdivided into Group I(overbite<0mm), Group II(04mm) in reference to overbite, and adolescent group and adult group in reference to age. Lateral cephalogram was taken with standard method, traced, and digitized for each subject. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SAS program The results wolf as follows. 1. In both groups of extraction and nonextraction group the anterior facial height increased after orthodontic treatment but there was no significant difference(p>0.05) between each goup. 2. There was no statstical significance in change of occlusal plane inclination in adolescent group, but significant difference(p<0.05) among three subgroup in adult group. 3. In adolescent-extraction and adolescent-nonextraction group there was significant increase of anterior facial height and posterior facial height, and was superior to adult groups in posterior facial height increment. 4 In all groups upper and lower molars were uprighted to occlusal plane. This had statistically significant effect.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.6 s.65
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• pp.929-941
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• 1997

Optimal force for orthodontic treatment is the force that produces a rapid rate of tooth movement without discomfort to the Patient or ensuing tissue damage. Recently considerable interest has been generated in the application of magnets as a way to obtain an optimal force. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of static magnetic fields of Sm-Co magnets on molecular and cellular activities. The distance of erythrocyte sedimentation was measured directly, and the activities and the syntheses of $Fe^{2+}$-related enzymes (catalase and NO synthase) and non $Fe^{2+}$-related enzyme (lactic dehydrogenase) were assayed by the spectrophotometer. The growth and the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells $MC_3T_3-E_1$ were determined by the crystal violet staining and the ${^3}H$-thymidine incorporation. The erythrocytes were exposed to the pole face flux density of 1,400 G (gauss), and the enzymes and osteoblast-like cells $MC_{3}T_3-E_1$ were exposed to the flux density of 7,000 G. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The distance of sedimentation of erythrocyte was not affected by the static magnetic fields. 2. The activities of catalase and lactic dehydrogenase were not affected by the static magnetic fields. 3. The intracellular syntheses of NO synthase and lactic dehydrogenase were not affected by the static magnetic fields. 4. The growth and the proliferation of cultured osteoblast-like cells $MC_{3}T_3-E_1$ were not affected by the static magnetic fields. These results suggested that the molecular and cellular activities were not significantly influenced by the static magnetic fields.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.4 s.69
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• pp.487-498
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate changes of airway size, tongue and hyoid position following orthognathic surgery in mandibular prognathism, and how they are adapted to new environment in time dependent manner. 37 patients, who had recieved orthognathic surgery, were selected for this study. lateral cephalogram of each patient was taken at preoperation, immediate postoperation, and over 6 month after operation, and were traced and analyzed The findings of this study were as follows : 1. The size of airway was not changed at PNS and Epiglottis level after operation, but it was changed slightly at 2nd cervical vertebra level. 2. The hyoid was moved inferoposteriorly at immediate postoperation, and then it shifted toward preoperative position, but it remained slightly inferoposterior position. The distance from hyoid to genial tubercle decreased continuously. 3. The position of tongue was moved inferoposteriorly at immediate postoperatioa and then it shifted toward preoperation position, but the root of the tongue remained inferoposteriorly. 4. The distance between tongue and hyoid was increased at immediate postoperation and slightly decreased during follow-up period. 5. The change of the mandibular position was not significantly correlated with changes of airway size, hyoid position, tongue morphology and tongue position.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.285-295
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• 1998

In clinical orthodontics, it is significant to understand the stage of growth in a growing patient. In order to assess the skeletal maturity of the patients, the hand-wrist radiograph and the cervical vertebrae (Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indicators : CVMI) was evaluated from the lateral cephalograph and the skeletal maturity determined from the hand-wrist X-ray (Skeletal Maurity Indicators : SMI) taken on the same day in the same patients, and its interrelationship examined to come up with the following results: 1. The skeletal maturity evaluated from the hand-wrist radiograph and the maturation of the cervical vertebrae from the lateral cephalograph showed a significant interrelationship with each other. 2. In the evaluation of the skeletal maturity using the SMI and CVMI, the CVMI 1 showed a siginificant correlation with SMI 1, 2, the CVMI 2 with SMI 3, 4, CVMI 3 with SMI 6, 7, CVMI 4 with SMI 7, 8, CVMI 5 with 9, 10 and CVMI 6 with SMI 11. 3. When the morphological changes in the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae were separately observed, it was seldom that the concavity appeared in the lower border of the 2nd cervical vertebra and at the same time not appear in the 3rd cervical vertebra (CVMI 2 : 10.38%, CVMI 3 : 6.56%) 4. In each of the skeletal maturation stage evaluated from the hand-wrist and the cervical vertebra, the average age and its standard deviation in male and female patients appeared to have large differences among individuals. Skeletal maturation seemed to appear earlier for the girls than for the boys, and its termination 24 months faster for girls.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.3 s.50
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• pp.247-261
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to quantitate differences in the nature of the correction of Angle's Class II div 1 malocclusion dependent on the patient's age at the time of treatment. The sample consisted of 27 female patients in the adolescent group with a mean initial records age of 11.8 years and 25 female patients in the adult group with a mean starting age of 21.1 yrs. Lateral cephalometric head films were taken before and after orthodontic treatment with four bicuspid extraction. The results were obtained as follows. 1. None of maxillary skeletal parameters exhibited a significantly different in treatment change between adolescents and adults. But, in mandibular skeletal measurements, there were significant differences between two groups. (P<0.05) 2. Measures of vertical dimension in the adults remained unchanged during treatment, reflecting the effective absence of growth. 3. The steepness of occlusal plane in the adults changed significantly.(P<0.05) In contrast, the adolescents displayed stability of the occlusal plane. 4. According to the Johnston analysis, there was a significant difference in the total molar correction between two groups.(P<0.05) 5. According to the Johnston analysis, differential mandibular growth in the adolescents contrubuted $63\%$ of the total molar correction, with orthodontic tooth movement accounting for the remaining $37\%$. In the adults, dental movement comprised $99\%$ of the correction.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.277-294
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soft tissue changes of class II adolescents and adults in respect to extraction or nonextraction. The study included 68 patients from Wonkwang Dental Hospital were categorized to adolescent extraction group, adolescent nonextraction group, adult extraction group, adult nonextraction group. Cephalometric tracing of each patient was done to compare pretreatment and posttreatment of each group, to compare the changes between groups. And among the variables that showed significancy, correlation analysis and simple linear regression were done. The results were as follows. 1. In both adolescents and adults after extraction treatment, nasolabial angle significantly increased and in both subjects after non extraction treatment, nasolabial angle significantly decreased. 2. In extraction subjects, there were positive correlation between the amount of treatment changes of vertical-U1 and E line-upper lip, the changes of vertical-L1 and E line-lower lip, the changes of vertical-L1 and vertical-Li. 3. In extraction subjects, simple regression equations of E line-upper lip, E line-lower lip, Li were calculated by regression analysis. According to the results above, it could be considered that the effect of the extraction or nonextraction treatment was greater than the effect of growth.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2006

Objective. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that inflammatory synovial fluid from TMJ internal derangement initiates a transient increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([$Ca^{2+}$]i) in chondrocytes and the induced Ca2+ signaling affects iNOS/COX-2 gene expression patterns following exposure to inflamed synovial fluid. Materials and Methods. Two female adult patients with symptoms of TMD who agreed to participate in the study were selected for this study. Immortalized human juvenile costal chondrocyte C-28/I2 was grown to 80% confluency and synovial fluids from two patients were added respectively to culture media for 24 hours at the concentration of 100ng/10ml. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to examine changes of intracellular calcium concentration ([$Ca^{2+}$]i). RT-PCR was performed to identify the expression profile of IL-1${\alpha}$, iNOS, COX-2. Results. Increased [$Ca^{2+}$]i was observed in chondrocytes subjected to inflamed synovial fluid compared to control cultures and in respective cultures exposed to inflamed synovial fluids from each patient, IL-1${\beta}$, COX-2 mRNA were detected. However, in neither case iNOS mRNA was expressed. IL-1${\alpha}$, COX-2, and iNOS mRNA were expressed in control culture. Conclusion. Our results show that immortalized chondrocytes cultured with inflamed synovial fluids from patients diagnosed as disc displacement without reduction and limitation in mouth opening showed increased calcium concentration and expression of COX-2 while inhibiting the production of iNOS, which in turn could adversely affect the chondrocytes in at least short term by hindering physiologic role of NO against inflammatory cascades. These findings suggest that inflamed synovial fluid may differentially regulate the transcriptomes of relevant inflammatory mediators, especially iNOS/COX-2 axis in chondrocytes through adjusting calcium transients.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.489-495
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• 2011

The present study was designed to grasp the oral health behavior practice levels and PHP index and gingival index of orthodontic patients' orthodontic related characteristics. A survey and oral examination were conducted for 206 orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. The collected data were analyzed with a t-test, one way ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. Women were higher than men of the toothbrushing parts(p<0.05), toothbrushing frequency(p=0.001) and use of more oral hygiene products(p<0.01). As for the use of more oral hygiene products practice, it has higher when experience of more education(p<0.05), toothbrushing method practice difference when it comes to age(p<0.05). As for toothbrushing times, difference was purpose of orthodontics(p<0.05) and period of orthodontics(p<0.05) and orthodontics equipment(p<0.05). As for orthodontic equipment, conventional-ligating bracket high score compared to the self-ligating bracket with Buccal PHP index(p<0.001) and gingival index(p<0.05). The factors with lowest possible Buccal PHP index; when age is greater(p<0.05), toothbrushing method practice is higher(p<0.001) and when patients have self-ligating bracket(p<0.001). Education for the orthodontic patients on the oral health behavior practice should be carried out structurally to the group of patients who are 17 years old or younger, to the group with conventional-ligating bracket and to the men. Moreover, it is critical to ensure that there won't be oral health problem during on orthodontic period.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.180-190
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• 2019

Patients who have a moderate periodontitis with pathologic tooth migration of maxillary incisors, it is necessary not only periodontal treatment for reduce periodontal inflammation, but also orthodontic treatment to teeth repositioning. For orthodontic treatment, it is necessary to apply less force and careful considerations of the center of resistance of the tooth and optimal force of tooth movement. At this time, the segmental arch applied only to the target teeth, is more effective and predictable, because applied force and direction can be controlled. In addition, to design the orthodontic appliance that can prevent the unwanted tooth movement that used as an anchorage is important. In recent years, various types of skeletal anchorage system have been used for preventing loss of the anchorage. We reported the patient who had extruded maxillary central incisor due to pathologic tooth migration, treated by a successful periodontal-orthodontic multidisciplinary treatment using an orthodontic appliance designed to apply less traumatic force and reduce an anchorage loss.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.6 s.83
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• pp.677-685
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• 2000

Anchorage plays an important role in orthodontic treatment. Because of limited anchorage Potential and acceptance problems of intra- or extraoral anchorage aids, endosseous implants have been suggested and used. However, clinicians have hesitated to use endosseous implants as orthodontic anchorage because of limited implantation space, high cost, and long waiting period for osseointegration. Titanium miniscrews and microscrews were introduced as orthodontic anchorage due to their many advantages such as ease of insertion and removal, low cost, immediate loading, and their ability to be placed in any area of the alveolar bone. In this study, a skeletal Class II Patient was treated with sliding mechanics using M.I.A.(micro-implant anchorage). The maxillary micro-implants provide anchorage for retraction of the upper anterior teeth. The mandibular micro-implants induced uprighting and intrusion of the lower molars. The upward and forward movement of the chin followed. This resulted in an increase of the SNB angle, and a decrease of the ANB angle. The micro-implants remained firm and stable throughout treatment. This new approach to the treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion has the following characteristics . Independent of Patient cooperation. . Shorter treatment time due to the simultaneous retraction of the six anterior teeth . Early change of facial Profile motivating greater cooperation from patients These results indicate that the M.I.A. can be used as anchorage for orthodontic treatment. The use of M.I.A. with sliding mechanics in the treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion increases the treatment simplicity and efficiency.