• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2003

The ornamental industry encompasses cut flower, pot plant, turfgrass and nursery stock production and is an important part of the agricultural sector. As internationally traded commodities, cut flowers and plants are an integral part of the economy of a number of developing countries in South America, the Caribbean and Africa. Genetic modification (GM) is a tool with great potential to the ornamental horticulture industry. The rapid progress in our knowledge of plant molecular biology can accelerate the breeding ornamental plants using recombinant DNA technology techniques. Not only is there the possibility of creating new, novel products the driver of the industry but also the potential to develop varieties requiring less chemical and energy inputs. As an important non-food agricultural sector the use of genetically modified (GM) ornamental crops may also be ideal for the intensive farming necessary to generate pharmaceuticals and other useful products in GM plants. To date, there are only a few ornamental GM products in development and only one, a carnation genetically modified for flower colour, in the marketplace. International Flower Developments, a joint venture between Florigene Ltd. in Australia and Suntory Ltd. of Japan, developed the GM carnations. These flowers are currently on sale in USA, Japan and Australia. The research, development and commercialization of these products are summarized. The long term prospects for ornamental GM products, like food crops, will be determined by the regulatory environment, and the acceptance of GM products in the marketplace. These critical factors will be analysed in the context of the current legislative environment, and likely public and industry opinion towards ornamental genetically modified organisms (GMO's).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.39-48
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• 2003

The ornamental industry encompasses cut flower, pot plant, turfgrass and nursery stock production and is an important part of the agricultural sector. As internationally traded commodities, cut flowers and plants are an integral part of the economy of a number of developing countries in South America, the Caribbean and Africa. Genetic modification (GM) is a tool with great potential to the ornamental horticulture industry. The rapid progress in our knowledge of plant molecular biology can accelerate the breeding ornamental plants using recombinant DNA technology techniques. Not only is there the possibility of creating new, novel products the driver of the industry but also the potential to develop varieties requiring less chemical and energy inputs. As an important non-food agricultural sector the use of genetically modified (GM) ornamental crops may also be ideal for the intensive farming necessary to generate pharmaceuticals and other useful products in GM plants. To date, there are only a few ornamental GM products in development and only one, a carnation genetically modified for flower colour, in the marketplace. International Flower Developments, a joint venture between Florigene Ltd. in Australia and Suntory Ltd.of Japan, developed the GM carnations. These flowers are currently on sale in USA, Japan and Australia. The research, development and commercialisation of these products are summarised. The long term prospects for ornamental GM products, like food crops, will be determined by the regulatory environment, and the acceptance of GM products in the marketplace. These critical factors will be analysed in the context of the current legislative environment, and likely public and industry opinion towards ornamental genetically modified organisms (GMO's).

• Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.157-160
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• 2001

The wild Pyrus plants belong to the deciduous woody plants in Rosaceae family. Most are cultivated for fruit productions, but some for ornamental plants. There are 5 Pyrus species including Pyrus ussuriensis and 8 varieties cultivated in Korea. In Korea, these plants are populated near villages or on the hills, and they are easily propagated since their fruit are very juicy and quite big in size. Plant breeding to get improved cultivars is not difficult because the Pyrus plants are easy to cross breeding among its genus. Because not only this reason but there have been shown lots of variation in wild groups, the Pyrus plants inhabited in Korea are excellent deciduous woody plants and favorable fruit trees to develop ornamental plants. It is necessary to develop many kinds of fruit trees and ornamental trees containing genetically different character, so that it will be satisfied for many different people's taste and demands. Collecting lots of wild plant resource with diverse genes is necessary for plant breeding.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.15-19
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• 2001

The wild Pyrus plants belong to the deciduous woody plants in Rosaceae family. Most are cultivated for fruit productions, but some for ornamental plants. There are 5 Pyrus species including Pyrus ussuriensis and 8 varieties cultivated in Korea. In Korea, these plants are populated near villages or on the hills, and they are easily propagated since their fruit are very Juicy and quite big In size. Plant breeding to get improved cultivars Is not difficult because the Pyrus plants are easy to cross breeding among its genus. Because not only this reason but there have been shown lots of variation in wild groups, the Pyrus plants inhabited In Korea are excellent deciduous woody plants and favorable fruit trees to develop ornamental plants. It is necessary to develop many kinds of fruit trees and ornamental trees containing genetically different character, so that it will be satisfied for many different people's taste and demands Collecting lots of wild plant resource with diverse genes is necessary for plant breeding.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2008

This paper outlines the system and operation of plant variety protection right and plant patent of ornamental crops in USA to guide for application of new varieties developed in Korea and to use for national examination of applied variety from USA. The Plant Variety Protection Act(PVPA) in USA is given as PVPR to the developers of new variety for the seed propagating crops and tubers and provides as plant patent for asexually reproducing crops. A certificate of PVPR and plant patent is awarded to an owner of a variety has shown that it is new, distinct from other varieties, genetically uniform and stable through successive generations by official evaluation without the growing trial. The term of protection for plant patent and PVPR for most crops is 20 years but 25 years for trees, shrubs, and vines. The application of ornamental variety in USA is mostly for plant patent. The application of ornamental crops accounted for 87% of total applications for plant patent. The ratio of new variety applications for plant patent from national and foreign countries is not significant differences.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1499-1508
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• 2013

In the results of investigating the role of LED light quality in enhancing the ornamental value of indoor foliage plants, amber and red light increased plant height, leaf width, and leaf stalk, and the consequent tree shape decreased the ornamental value. The chlorophyll content increased significantly under white light and compound light. With regard to the effect of plant leaf color on ornamental value, the value of lightness was markedly enhanced by red light. As to the functionality of plants according to photosynthetic activity, plants such as Dieffenbachia, Clusia, and Dracaena were found favorable to those staying indoors for a longtime from morning to evening. Spathiphyllum, and Ficus were found to be recommendable for indoor spaces used actively during afternoon because their photosynthesis was activated in the afternoon. With regard to power consumption according to light quality, white light consumed 119 W/hour, around 45% lower than that of fluorescent lamps, so it is considered the optimal artificial light quality that can enhance energy efficiency. Red light consumed 72 W/hour, only 33% of that of fluorescent lamps, but it was not considered the optimal light quality because plant growth was poor under the light quality. White light and compound light were found to be the ideal light sources for improving the functionality and ornamental value of indoor plants and reducing the cost of maintenance, but because compound light hinders people from recognizing the original color of plants and makes their eyes easily tired, white light was considered the optimal light satisfying all of the ornamental value, economic efficiency and functionality resulting from plant growth.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1583-1590
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to examine the morphological responses of Hosta longipes, an ornamental plants for heavy metal contaminated soils in urban landscaping, to heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Zn. Plants were grown in artificial soil amended with Cd, Pb, and Zn at concentation of 0, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width, total leaf number, deaf leaf number, new leaf number, chlorophyll contents, and ornamental value were monitored from May to August. At 4 months after planting, the survival and morphological responses of H. longipes grown in soil amended with Cd at concentrations ${\geq}100mg/kg$ were severely affected compared to those grown in the control soil. Relative leaf length rate and relative leaf width rate were significantly decreased when the concentration of Pb was increased. Total leaf number, chlorophyll contents, and ornamental value were the lowest value in plants grown in soil amended with Pb at level of 500 mg/kg. Relative leaf length rate and relative leaf width rate, total leaf number, dead leaf number, new leaf number, and ornamental values had a tendency of decrease when plants were grown in soils amended with Zn. However, no significant difference was found among treatments except for plants were grown in soils amended with 500 mg/kg Zn. Therefore, Hosta longipes might be useful for phytoremediation of Zn contaminated sites as herbaceous ornamental plants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to determine whether inoculation with Bacillus licheniformis MH48 as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) could promote nutrient uptake of seedlings of the ornamental plant Camellia japonica in the Saemangeum reclaimed coastal land in Korea. B. licheniformis MH48 inoculation increased total nitrogen and phosphorus content in soils by 2.2 and 20.0 fold, respectively, compared to those without bacterial inoculation. In addition, B. licheniformis MH48 produced auxin, which promoted the formation of lateral roots and root hairs, decreased production of growth-inhibiting ethylene, and alleviated salt stress. Total nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of seedlings subjected to bacterial inoculation was 2.3 and 3.6 fold higher, respectively, than the control. However, B. licheniformis MH48 inoculation had no significant effect on the growth of seedlings. Our results suggest that inoculation with B. licheniformis MH48 can be used as a PGPR bio - enhancer to stimulate fine root development, promote nutrient uptake and alleviate salt stress in ornamental plant seedlings grown in the high-salinity conditions of reclaimed coastal land.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.131-143
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• 2004

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.104-111
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• 2008

Plant growth and variegated leaf color changes of three leaf variegated Sedum spectabile varieties 'Variegatum', 'Frosty Morn', red colored 'Washfield Ruby', and one Sedum lineare variety 'Variegatum' and Sedum sarmentosum under three levels of shading conditions were examined for leaf ornamental value improvement. Shading levels were 40%($1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}m-^2{\cdot}s-^1$), 70%($750{\mu}mol{\cdot}m-^2{\cdot}s-^1$) and 85%($375{\mu}mol{\cdot}m-^2{\cdot}s-^1$). Improvements of leaf ornamental value of 'Variegatum' 'Frosty Morn' and 'Washfield Ruby' were observed at 40% shading level and plant heights and leaf sizes were also increased. Plant height of S.sarmentosum were shorten under direct sun light condition and leaf color changed to greenish yellow(RHS143B) but deep green color(RHS144A) was observed under shading conditions. Endurance of S.sarmentosum was stronger than other species and leaf ornamental values remained well at 70% shading level. Leaf width of S.lineare 'Variegatum' were not changed under shading conditions but leaf length was increased. Leaf color was Deep green color was greenish yellow under direct sun light but deepest green color was observed at 85% shading level. Consider all ornamental value criteria, best shading conditions for S.lineare 'Variegatum' were ranged 40% to 70%.