• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2005

To find a new use of wood tar which is obtained from the manufacturing process of wood charcoal, a resol type of phenol adhesive using wood tar was made and some adhesion tests on plywood were examined. Phenol adhesive synthesized with pine tar was almost same as an original phenol adhesive in physical properties such as solid content and viscosity and tensile-shear adhesive strength of plywood made of phenol adhesive synthesized with pine tar was not much lower than the original one in non-waterproof and waterproof tests. Phenol adhesive synthesized with oak tar, however, was different from original phenol adhesive in physical properties. Adhesive strength of plywood made of oak tar was $50\%$ lower than the original one on waterproof tests. The amount of emitted formaldehyde increased as the amount of wood tar increased.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.536-546
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• 2022

A society will lose a lot of something in this field when the forest fire broke out. If a forest fire can be detected in advance, damage caused by the spread of forest fires can be prevented early. So, we studied how to detect forest fires using CCTV currently installed. In this paper, we present a deep learning-based model through efficient image data construction for monitoring forest fire smoke, which is unstructured data, based on the deep learning model YOLOv5. Through this study, we conducted a study to accurately detect forest fire smoke, one of the amorphous objects of various forms, in YOLOv5. In this paper, we introduce a method of self-learning by producing insufficient data on its own to increase accuracy for unstructured object recognition. The method presented in this paper constructs a dataset with a fixed labelling position for images containing objects that can be extracted from the original image, through the original image and a model that learned from it. In addition, by training the deep learning model, the performance(mAP) was improved, and the errors occurred by detecting objects other than the learning object were reduced, compared to the model in which only the original image was learned.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.524-530
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• 2009

We scrutinized the Korean taxonomic literature, with special focus on some nomenclatural points and four different cases were listed categorically. Several naked names (nomen nudum), invalidly published names, typographical and orthographical errors, incorrect use of hybrid names and authorship, and errors in the citation of the bibliographic references have appeared in newly published literature in Korea, due to misapplications of ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature). Although literature review and synonyms are imperative and essential elements of taxonomic study, many author citations tend to be copied from one publication to another without any confirmation of the original source. It is strongly recommended that scientists who have previously published careless work should be more careful, and they should be instructed to read original descriptions and to learn current practices in the code.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2005

This study was performed to find a new use of wood tar from the manufacturing process of wood charcoal. Plywoods made of phenol adhesives mixed with wood tar were manufactured, and physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission were investigated. Plywoods made of phenol adhesives mixed with wood tar were almost same as an original phenol adhesive in physical and mechanical properties and tensile-shear adhesive strength of the plywood was higher than the original one in both non-waterproof and waterproof tests. Formaldehyde emission was lower as the amount of wood tar increased in phenol adhesive.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.302-313
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• 1989

To investigate the effects of forest fire on the change of vegetation and soil conditions by the lapse of time, the 5th soil survey and vegetation analysis were carried out in July of 1988 at the rocky areas of Mt. Kwanak, where ground fire broke out 5 years ago. Three-year increasing trends of organic matter content, the value of pH, and total nitrogen content stabilized after the restoration of the vegetation. By the comparison of the occurrences of the species for 5 years after the forest fire, woody and herbaceous plants were categorized into 4 groups, i,e., invasive, sensitive, tolerant, and neutral species to the forest fire. Although such diversity indices as the species diversity and similarity index indicate that the restoration of damaged vegetation to the original species composition was proceeded for the period, the restoration of vegetation to the original crown closure and tree growth was not proceeded yet.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.516-522
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• 2014

Old architectural wood materials damaged by a fire were evaluated on the basis of wood species and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of wood tissues in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis. Results of SEM observation showed that tracheid wall thickness of burned parts was very thin compared with undamaged and sound wood, and tylosoid in the resin canals disappeared after the exposure to fire. SEM-EDXS analysis indicated that carbon and oxygen peaks occurred in the original energy band, and the carbon peak was higher than that of the oxygen in the burned part. A computerized tomography was also undertaken to investigate the carbonization layer formed by fire and possible internal defects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 2014

Urban Green Area has ecologically deteriorated along with quantitative loss, being developed as a dot itself rather than connected to forests and green networks around the park. The present study aims to propose a connected plan on Urban Ecological Network establishment through 'assessment of the connectivity of the entire urban parks' in accordance with distance of forest and river and 'assessment of trends in connection fragmentation of urban parks' in accordance with the past change of forest and river. According to the result of this study, criteria based on previous research was "directly linked type is less than 300m, conceptually linked type is between 300m to 1km, the isolated type is greater than 1km". And the result of 'assessment of the connectivity of the entire urban parks' is analyzed as the rate of park and green network, 41.7% in Suwon, 80.0% in Seongnam, 88.9% in Namyangju on the basis of office and field investigation. Also, according to the result of 'assessment of trends in connection fragmentation of urban parks', consideration for connection to the original forest is insufficient.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.555-562
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• 2014

Characteristics of carbonized fiberboard such as chemical materials absorption, electromagnetic shielding, and electrical and mechanical performance were determined in previous studies. The carbonized board therefore confirmed that having excellent abilities of these characteristics. In this study, the effect of density on physical properties and sound absorption properties of carbonized fiberboards at $800^{\circ}C$ were investigated for the potential use of carbonized fiberboards as a replacement of conventional sound absorbing material. The thickness of fiberboards after carbonization was reduced 49.9%, 40.7%, and 43.3% in low density fiberboard (LDF), medium density fiberboard (MDF), and high density fiberboard (HDF), respectively. Based on SEM images, porosity of carbonized fiberboard increased by carbonization due to removing adhesives. Moreover, carbonization did not destroy structure of wood fiber based on SEM results. Carbonization process influenced contraction of fiberboard. The sound absorption coefficient of carbonized low density fiberboard (c-LDF) was higher than those of carbonized medium density fiberboard (c-MDF) and carbonized high density fiberboard (c-HDF). This result was similar with original fiberboards, which indicated sound absorbing ability was not significantly changed by carbonization compared to that of original fiberboards. Therefore, the sound absorbing coefficient may depend on source, texture, and density of fiberboard rather than carbonization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.208-213
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• 2007

This study is designed to provide forest managers and landowners with tools to estimate the effect of forest management on carbon storage, investigating living tree biomass, detritus, and harvested wood products as variables. Thinning, selection cutting, and uncutting were applied to the three different forest types in New York, USA. Carbon storage of the original stands was 90, 56, and $101Mg\;ha^{-1}$ at the Allegheny hardwood forest, Northern hardwood forest, and Oak - black cherry forest, respectively. Among treatments, uncutting generally stored the greatest amount carbon. However, the rate of carbon storage was the smallest at the uncut treatment in all the sites. The 50% thinning, 50% selection, and 50% thinning treatments were the highest rate of carbon storage at the Allegheny hardwood forest, Northern hardwood forest, and Oak - cherry forest, respectively. In this study, only short term was applied to simulate carbon sequestration after silvicultural treatment. So, more research is needed to determine whether any silvicultural treatment can store significantly more carbon than no treatment over the long term.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.403-406
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• 2005

In order to evaluate the Capability of ETM+ remotely- sensed data to provide 'Forest-shrub land-Rangeland' cover type map in areas near the timberline of northern forests of Iran, the data were analyzed in a portion of nearly 790 ha located in Neka-Zalemroud region. First, ortho-rectification process was used to correct the geometric errors of the image, yielding 0/68 and 0/69 pixels of RMS. error in X and Y axis, respectively. The original and panchromatic bands were fused using PANSHARP Statistical module. The ground truth map was made using 1 ha field plots in a systematic-random sampling grid, and vegetative form of trees, shrubs and rangelands was recorded as a criteria to name the plots. A set of channels including original bands, NDVI and IR/R indices and first components of PCI from visible and infrared bands, was used for classification procedure. Pair-wise divergence through CHNSEL command was used, In order to evaluate the separability of classes and selection of optimal channels. Classification was performed using ML classifier, on both original and fused data sets. Showing the best results of $67\%$ of overall accuracy, and 0/43 of Kappa coefficient in original data set. Due to the results represented above, it's concluded that ETM+ data has an intermediate capability to fulfill the spectral variations of three form- based classes over the study area.