• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.38
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• pp.123-152
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• 2008

It is a basic rule in the credit law that original documents are required unless otherwise stipulated by the credit. Due to modern technology enabling documents to be produced in many ways it may not always to decide whether a document is original or a photocopy. In consideration of modern technology and the advent of new methods of document production, ICC has drawn up the provisions on original documents in Article 22 (b) of UCP 400 for the first time. The equivalent provision in UCP 500 is Article 20 (b). As a result of many queries to ICC Banking Commission on what constitutes an "original" documents under UCP 500 and several court cases in connection with original documents, the ICC Banking Commission has issued Decision on original documents in July 1999. Based on this Decision, the ICC dealt it in Article 17 under UCP 600 which came into force on July 1, 2007. There are some changes, replacements and new provisions of UCP 600 concerning original documents and copies. Importers, exporters, insurance companies, other third parties and, above all, banks should pay attention to some changes and implications of UCP 600 concerning original documents and copies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the provisions on original documents and copies under UCP 600. For this purpose, firstly this study deals with the relative provisions on original documents and copies under pre-UCP 600. Secondly this study considers the provisions on original documents and copies under UCP 600. Thirdly this study compares the provisions under pre-UCP 600 with the provisions under UCP 600. Finally this study analyzes the cases decided both home and abroad in connection with original documents. This paper contribute to help the parties to letters of credit to understand the provisions on original documents and copies under UCP 600.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.15
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• pp.267-280
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• 1988

After the Koryo government moved to Kanghwado Island to escape the invading Mongols, Ch'oe I who was the government irstman ordered in 1239 the recarving of Nanmingchuan Huoshangsung Chengtao-ko (남명천화상송증도가) widely used by an adherent of Son Buddhism to gain a greater understanding of Son principles. Ch'oe I's postscript indicate that the original edition printed with metal type was no longer available and woodblocks were carved to produce facsimiles of that edition. It is assumed that the copies of the original edition were limited in number due to the primitiveness of printing skills and had either not been taken to Kanghwado Island in the flurry of evacuation or were almost all used up. Demand for the book seemed to have surged sharply due to need for spiritual solace during the period of invasion. It is believed that the original edition of Chengtao-ko was published with metal type in Kaegyong(개경), the capitial, before the government took refuge on Kanghwado Island. Two copies of the recarved woodblocks were recently found in the collectiion of Kim Chong-gyu(김종규). and Park Tong-sop (박동섭). It is presumed that one of the copies was recarved again the other one some time, But the carving of the woodblocks were very sophisticated and faithfully reproduced the characteristics of the original metal type edition; first, there were many slanted characters; second, the lines of the main text were not straight but wavy; third, no bottom stroke of any character overlaps the upper stroke of the following character; and fourth, the characters are relatively uniform in size and shape. The printing techniques reflected in the woodblock reproduction were much better than that at the end of the Koryo dynasty and the beginning of the Yi dynasty. It can be assumed that printing with official type had reached a high level of skill before the transfer to Kanghwado Island.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.168-180
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• 2002

This paper proposes a novel method to detect unauthorized copies of digital images. This copy detection scheme can be used as either an alternative approach or a complementary approach to watermarking. A test image is reduced to 8$\times$8 sub-image by intensity averaging, and the AC coefficients of its discrete cosine transform (DCT) are used to compute distance from those generated from the query image, of which a user wants to find copies. Copies may be Processed to avoid copy detection or enhance image quality. We show ordinal measure of DCT coefficients, which is based on relative ordering of AC magnitude values and using distance metrics between two rank permutations, are robust to various modifications of the original image. The optimal threshold selection scheme using the maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion is also addressed.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.1071-1074
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• 1999

In this paper, we present a multi-watermarking method for a copyright protection and confidentiality for an original digital image. One watermark is used for a copyright protection and another for a copyright protection and another for a confidentiality and a detection of unauthorized copies.

• Bangmulgwan gwa yeongu (The National Museum of Korea Journal)
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• v.1
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• pp.234-257
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• 2024

Great Dharani Sutra of Undefiled Pure Light (Gwi) (LKH 10703) donated by the family of the late Lee Kun-Hee to the National Museum of Korea in 2021 is a calligraphy album consisting of sixty-two leaves compiled using butterfly binding. It contains Great Dharani Sutra of Undefiled Pure Light, "Record of the Production of Mugujeong Pagoda by the Order of King Munseong," a postscript by Kim Jeonghui, and an appreciation record by Oh Sechang. This paper has revealed that this album is identical to the material that Suematsu Yasukazu introduced in Volume 15 of the journal Cheonggu hakchong in 1934 and that it includes elaborate copies of Great Dharani Sutra of Undefiled Pure Light and "Record of the Production of Mugujeong Pagoda by the Order of King Munseong" on yellow Chinese paper, both of which were excavated from inside the Mugujeong Pagoda at Changnimsa Temple in Gyeongju in 1824. It has also reconfirmed that it is highly probable that the Great Dharani Sutra of Undefiled Pure Light that Jo Byeongsun, the former director of the Seongam Old Books Museum, unveiled in 1998, is a transcription of the original sutra excavated from Mugujeong Pagoda at Changnimsa Temple in Gyeongju. Moreover, it has concluded that the Great Dharani Sutra of Undefiled Pure Light owned by Park Cheolsang is likely to be another example of copying the transcription of the original sutra excavated from the Mugujeong Pagoda at Changnimsa Temple in Gyeongju. In the album of copies donated by the estate of Lee KunHee, six of the Chinese characters promulgated by Empress Wu were used fifteen times in total. Four of the characters of Empress Wu were utilized ten times in the Great Dharani Sutra of Undefiled Pure Light (national treasure, Bulguksa Temple collection) found among the reliquaries from the Three-story Stone Pagoda at Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju and were also seen in the album of copies donated by the estate of Lee Kun-Hee. The use of the same characters of Empress Wu and other variant characters suggests that both the album of copies donated by the estate of Lee Kun-Hee and the Bulguksa sutra were based on an edition distributed in the Unified Silla Period during the eighth century. Kim Jeonghui confirmed the exchange of calligraphy between Korea and China through studies on bronze and stone epigraphs. He believed that the Great Dharani Sutra of Undefiled Pure Light and "Record of the Production of Mugujeong Pagoda by the Order of King Munseong" excavated from Mugujeong Pagoda at Changnimsa Temple were authentic materials showing the elegant calligraphic styles that prevailed before the Ouyang Xun style. Thus, the album of copies donated by the estate of Lee Kun-Hee holds great historical and artistic significance in that it is a rare example of Kim Jeonghui's evidential study of a transcribed sutra and an original record of the production of a pagoda from the Unified Silla period.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.2
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• pp.169-190
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• 2004

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can't overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector's personal taste or hut also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin's argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public's quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics' articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2002

Recently, the research about color matching for the input/output devices of printing process is progressing rapidly by the digitization. The calibration method of flatbed scanner widely used as an input device for prepress process is especially important for color proofing of high quality color prints. In this paper, scanner calibration method using 3-dimensional look-up table and tetrahedral interpolation was examined and analysed comparatively on the three kinds of original copies, such as photograph, dye sublimation proof and ink jet print for IT8.T/2 target.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.872-880
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• 2001

Knockoff products, called forgeries or imitations, are copies of famous original brand goods from abroad. Most of knockoff fashion products manufactured in Korea are famous fashion brand names. The purposes of the paper us: first, to examine and analyze general consumer purchasing behavior toward knockoff fashion products; second, to analyze the purchasing behavior toward knockoff goods according to demographic features; third, to materialize the attributes of knockoff fashion items consumers purchase; fourth, to reveal the relation between the attribute types of knockoff goods, and demographic features and purchasing behavior. The result explained so for reveals that the students'purchasing behaviour differs according to demographic features and general features of the products purchasing. This result should not be interpreted by expanding to the whole group of girl college students or consumers, as the sample used in this study is limited to those in Seoul area. Therefore, following studies are expected to expand the range of subjects'age, and to compare and analyze purchasing behaviour difference of knockoff products and imported original brand names.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.833-839
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• 2021

Bacillus subtilis CH3-5 isolated from cheonggukjang secretes a 28 kDa protease with a strong fibrinolytic activity. Its gene, aprE3-5, was cloned and expressed in a heterologous host (Jeong et al., 2007). In this study, the promoter of aprE3-5 was replaced with other stronger promoters (P_cry3A, P₁₀, P_SG1, P_srfA) of Bacillus spp. using PCR. The constructed chimeric genes were cloned into pHY300PLK vector, and then introduced into B. subtilis WB600. The P10 promoter conferred the highest fibrinolytic activity, i.e., 1.7-fold higher than that conferred by the original promoter. Overproduction of the 28 kDa protease was confirmed using SDS-PAGE and fibrin zymography. RT-qPCR analysis showed that aprE3-5 expression was 2.0-fold higher with the P10 promoter than with the original promoter. Change of the initiation codon from GTG to ATG further increased the fibrinolytic activity. The highest aprE3-5 expression was observed when two copies of the P₁₀ promoter were placed in tandem upstream of the ATG initiation codon. The construct with P10 promoter and ATG and the construct with two copies of P10 promoter in tandem and ATG exhibited 117% and 148% higher fibrinolytic activity, respectively, than that exhibited by the construct containing P10 promoter and GTG. These results confirmed that significant overproduction of a fibrinolytic enzyme can be achieved by suitable promoter modification, and this approach may have applications in the industrial production of AprE3-5 and related fibrinolytic enzymes.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.213-233
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• 2005

A letter of credit is the best settlement among various means of payments until now. A letter of credit plays very important roles in rational and smooth international trade. Letter of credit is usually used in international trade. But many people have to prepare a lot of transport documents in order to transact with L/C. Therefore, the transactions will be happened to delay in international trade very often. Owing to the EDI, international trade will be materialized with electronic business of E-commerce. If we transact with the electronic documents, it will be reduced the time very much in international trade. Generally speaking, all relating parties transact with L/C complying with UCP, but there are no ruling articles about electronic documents in UCP. If all parties want to transact with electronic documents in global business, UCP has to contain the electronic provisions. So, ICC published eUCP on 2002. The purpose of the study was to analyze original electronic papers and provisions through foreign precedents in UCP and eUCP. If we want to exchange the electronic document, the UCP provisions about electronic documents would be revised as follows: UCP provision 20(b) would be revised, “Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, banks have to accept as an original documents, a documents produced or appearing to have been produced: (i)by reprographic, automated or computerized systems (ii)as carbon copies,; provided that it is marked as original and, where necessary, appears to be signed. A document may be signed by handwriting, by facsimile signature, by perforated signature by symbol, or by any other mechanical or electronic method of authentication."