• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.138-138
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• 2003

Tributyltin (TBT) is also recognized as an endocrine disrupter. Organotin compounds such as TBT are widely used as agricultural biocides, and for antifouling paint of ship bottoms and of fishing nets. In this study, we investigated the role of nur 77 in induction of apoptosis in TBT-induced leydig cells.(omitted)

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1508-1512
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• 2004

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method has been developed for the determination of trace mono-n-butyltin (MBT), di-n-butyltin (DBT), and tri-n-butyltin (TBT) compounds in sediments. Samples were extracted by 10% acetic acid in methanol containing 0.03% tropolone and were then derivatized for GC/MS analysis. Ethylation by sodium tetraethylborate and phenylation by sodium tetraphenylborate were evaluated as a derivatization reaction of the organotins in sample extract. n-Hexane was added into reaction media in the beginning of the reaction for the continuous extraction of derivatized organotins. Ethylation requires less than 2 hours to get proper derivatization yields for MBT, DBT, and TBT altogether and produces relatively low amounts of side reaction products. Compared to ethylation, phenylation requires much longer time but provides relatively lower yield and produces considerable amounts of side reaction products. Therefore, the ethylation reaction was applied for the analysis of organotin compounds in sediment. An isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) method based on GC/MS has been applied to the accurate determination of DBT compounds in the sediments. The IDMS results from the analyses of sediment samples showed a reasonable repeatability and a good agreement with the values obtained by IDMS based on liquid chromatography/induced coupled plasma/mass spectrometry.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2004

We exposed juvenile puffer fish, Takifugu obscurus(30 days after hatching) to various aqueous pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), 2 organotin compound.; (tributyltin ［TBT］ and triphenyltin［TPhT］) and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (chrysene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of each pollutant after the 96-hour acute exposure. Among the inorganic metals, Hg (52 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L; 96-h LC50) was most toxic to test animals and followed by Ag (164 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L), Cu (440 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) and Cd (1180 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). Aqueous TBT was more toxic between the two organotins; the 96-h LC50 for TBT (5.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) was 3 times lower than that of TPhT (17.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). The acute toxicity of PAH compounds was highest for chrysene (1.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L; 96-h LC50) and decreased in the order of pyrene (65 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > fluoranthene (158 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > phenanthrene (432 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > naphthalene (8690 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). The toxicity of PAH compounds wat closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_{ow}$ and water solubility, and well explained by simple QSAR relationship. The sensitivity of puffer fish to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to various fish species widely used as standard test species in previous studies and further evaluation should be conducted to develop adequate testing procedure for T. obscurus when used in various toxicity tests.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2006

The effects of tributyltin acetate (TBTA), one of the endocrine-disrupting organotin compounds, on dopamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells were investigated. Treatment of PC12 cells with TBTA at $0.05\sim0.25{\mu}M$ significantly decreased the intracellular dopamine content in a concentration-dependent manner ($IC_{50}$ value, $0.17{\mu}M$). Under these conditions, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and TH mRNA level were also decreased by $0.1{\mu}M$ TBTA at 24 h, and recovered there-after. In addition, treatment with L-DOPA at 20 and $50 {\mu}M$ increased the intracellular dopamine content in PC12 cells and the increase in dopamine content by L-DOPA was significantly abolished by TBTA at $0.1\sim0.2{\mu}M$. These results indicate that TBTA at $0.1\sim0.2{\mu}M$ causes the decrease in the basal dopamine content and abolishes the increase in dopamine content in L-DOPA-treated cells in part by the inhibition of TH gene expression and activity.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.67-67
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• 2003

Tributyltin chloride (TBTCI) is an organotin compounds that have been widely used as antifouling agents and bioaccumulated in the food chain. TBTCI has been known to induce imposex in female gastropods. There are several reports that TBTCI increased testosterone level and inhibited the conversion of testosterone to estradiol by the aromatase cytochrome P450 enzyme. In this studies, we investigated the effects of TBTCI on steroidogenesis in testes, We dosed to 4-week-old Spragus-Dawleys (SD) male rats with TSTCI (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20mg/kg/day) daily by gavage for 14 days. TBTCI significantly decreased the weights of seminal vesicle, prostate, cowper's gland and LABC at 10 and 20mg/kg/day but significantly Increased the weights of liver at 10 and 20mg/kg/day and adrenals at 20mg/kg/day. mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and P450 aromatase were decreased and mRNA levels of cytochrome P450 17$\alpha$-hydroxylase/$C_{17-20}$ lyase (P450c17) were increased by TBTCI. TBTCI significantly increased serum testosterone level in dose-dependent manner. From above results, we found that TBTCI altered mRNA levels of enzymes related steroidogenesis, weights of organs and serum testosterone levels. This suggests that change of hormone levels may be due to alteration of mRNA levels of steroidogenic enzyme in testes, but further studies are necessary to investigate hormone levels in testis organ in order to find a relation of enzyme related to steroidogenesis with hormone levels. This work was supported by the Korea FDA Grant KFDA-03131-EDS-010.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2004

유기주석화합물인 tributyltin chloride (TBTC), tributyltin oxide (TBTO)와 triphenyltin chloride (TPTC)를 넙치 간장으로 만든 미크로좀에 in vitro적으로 노출시켜서 이들 화합물의 대사에 관여하는 mixed function oxidase (MFO) 중 cytochrome P450 (CYP) 농도와 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase (EROD) 활성의 변화를 조사하였으며, 또한 in vivo 실험에서는 TPTC를 넙치에게 복강주사(7.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ BW)하여 간장의 MFO (CYP농도, NADPH cytochrome c 환원효소 활성, NADH chtochrome b5 환원 효소 활성, EROD 활성) 반응을 경시적으로 조사하였다. 그 결과, in vitro에서는 TBTC, TBTO 및 TPTC가 모두 CYP 농도와 EROD 활성을 저해하였으며, 저해력은 TPTC가 가장 컸고 이어서 TBTO, TBTC의 순이었다. 유기주석화합물의 노출농도와 노출시간과 비례하면서 저해정도가 커졌으며, 특히 EROD활성의 저해는 노출농도에 크게 의존적이었다. 그리고 in vivo실험에서도 유기주석 화합물은 CYP농도, NADPH cytochrome c 환원효소 활성, NADH cytochrome b5 환원효소 활성, EROD 활성을 억제하였다. EROD 활성은 오염물질에 의한 반응이 민감하고 재현성도 있어 바람직한 측정지표로 이용될 수가 있을 것이다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.93-105
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• 2004

Arkshell clams, Scapharca broughtonii, are economically important edible bivalves and widely cultivated in the Southern coast of Korea. Recently, the production of S. broughtonii has been dramatically decreased and various reasons including chemical pollution were suspected to be related to the production declines. However, it remains unknown whether the chemical pollution levels of the surrounding environments were high enough for the biological and ecological disturbance for the population of S. broughtonii, because no systematic toxicological study using S. broughtonii has been conducted previously. In the present study, we exposed arkshell clams, S. broughtonii to various waterborne pollutants including heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Hg), ammonia and organotins (tributyltin and triphenyltin) to determine the effect concentrations of these pollutants for the survival of S. broughtonii for 20 days. The median lethal concentrations ($LC_50$) of S. broughtonii were 2.1 mg/l for Cd, 0.065 mg/l for Cu, 0.40 mg/l for Hg, 79.4 mg/l for total ammonia (1.9 mg/l for unionized ammonia), 0.5 ${\mu}$g/l for TBT, and 14${\mu}$g/l for TPhT. Lethal toxicity of the most pollutants increased with both exposure duration and concentration. The toxicity of TBT was greatest for S. broughtonii, followed by TPhT > Cu > Hg > Cd > ammonia. The sensitivities of S. broughtonii to heavy metals and TBT were comparable to those of other aquatic organisms, but they were relatively tolerable to ammonia. The environmental concentrations of the tested pollutants were compared with the effect concentrations of those for the survival of S. broughtonii to assess the potential risks of the pollutants in the field conditions.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2003년도 춘계공동학술대회논문집
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• pp.206-211
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• 2003

본 논문은 국제해사기구-해양환경보호위원회 제 46차(외교회의 결정 2001년 10월 5일)회의에서 유기주석계 방오도료 사용금지(2003년 1월 1일 선체 사용금지, 2008년 1월 1일 선체 잔존금지)에 따른 TBT함유 페인트 폐기물 다량 발생에 대한 처리기술의 개발로 방오 도료 페인트의 최적 처리시스템을 연구하였다. 열분해 반응장치를 이용하여 TBT함유 페인트 폐기물의 열분해 특성 및 처리 성능을 평가하였다. TBT함유 페인트 폐기물을 열분해 반응조에서 온도를 100$0^{\circ}C$, 반응시간을 1시간동안 처리했을 때 유기주석이 99% 제거되어 처리효율이 뛰어났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2001

해수와 퇴적물, 그리고 생물체내의 유기주석화합물의 농도는 양식장이 밀집되어 있으며 선박의 출입과 정박이 잦고 해수교환이 원활치 못한 내만쪽 정점이 ($K-1{\sim}K-6, K-18)$ 외해쪽 정점에 ($K-8{\sim}K-10$) 비해 유기주석화합물의 농도가 높았다. 퇴적물의 조성에 있어 모래와 mud가 섞여있는 수로쪽 정점들에 비해 mud가 우세 한 내만의 정점에서는, mud에 강하게 흡착하는 TBT의 특성에 의해 TBT의 잔류농도가 내만에서 높게 나타났다. 유기주석화합물은 퇴적물에서 뚜렷한 계절적인 변화를 보였다 퇴적물 중 TBT의 농도가 7월 중 가장 높게 즉정된 현상은 봄철 증식이후 퇴적층 표면에 침강한 식물성 플랑크톤의 사체로 이루어진 입자물질의 공급으로 인한 유입량의 증가가 하나의 요인으로 생각된다. 퇴적층에 가까운 저층수의 해양환경요인 중에 7월에 수온과 용존산소값이 산화에 불리한 저온과 낮은 용존산소, 높은 화학적 산소요구량도 이와 같이 축적된 TBT를 보존시키는데 유리한 환경을 제공한 것으로 추정된다. 생물농축인자로 본 굴과 바지락의 주변 해수로부터의 농축 정도는 퇴적물내에 서식하는 바지락이 약 $20\%$ 정도 높게 나타났다. TBT 유기주석화합물의 참굴과 바지락에 대한 계절적인 변화는 광양만에서 이들의 산란시기와 일치한다. 즉, 방란$\cdot$ 상정이 생물 체내 유기주석화합물의 제거 기작의 하나의 요인으로 작용한 것으로 보인다. 방란이 일어나기 직전인 4월에 TBT의 농도가 2월에 비해 $50\%$ 이상 증가하였다가, 방란, 방정이 끝난 후 7월에 4월 평균치의 $25\%$ 이하로 감소하였다는 사실이 이와 같은 생물의 체외 방출기작이 작용했음을 말해 준다 TBT/DBT 농도비는 해수<생물<퇴적물 순으로 증가하여 해수에서 가장 활발한 분해작용이 일어나고 있음을 알 수 있고, 생물은 그 다음 순서로 분해작용을 하며, 퇴적물내에서는 TBT의 분해가 가장 저조하게 일어나고 있음을 알 수 있었다 해수와 퇴적물에서 관찰된 계절별 분배계수 ($K_d$)의 변화는 7월에 분배계수가 증가된 양상을 보여, 해수 중TBT가 퇴적층으로 효과적으로 제거되고 있음을 보여 주었다. 따라서, 봄철 이후 해수중 유기주석화합물이 입자물질의 표면에 흡착되거나 생물 체내에 방란 방정과 같은 기작을 통해 퇴적층으로 유입되고 있으며, 비교적 안정된 퇴적환경에서 해수나 생물체내에 비해 분해가 활발하지 않아 잘 보존되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 현상은 해수 중 생물뿐 아니라, 저질에 살고 있는 생물들이 여름철에 퇴적층 표면에 농축된 유기주석화합물의 악영향을 가장 크게 받게 될 것으로 보인다.