• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.377-387
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• 1997

해수로 유출되고 있는 유기인제 살충, 살균제의 형광 분석법에 의한 finger print식 분석 방법을 개발하기 위해, 벼 농사에 가장 많이 사용되어지는 Hinosan과 Kitazin을 포함하는 10가지의 표준 용액을 조제하여, 형광 특성을 측정하였다. $220nm\~520nm$ 구간의 흡수 파장을 이용하여, 여기 (excitation)시켜 얻은 형광스펙트럼들을 이차원 평면 위의 형광세기 표시를 등고선 모양으로 표시하였다. 이 contour들은 각 조사된 유기인제에 대해 특징적인 형태로 관찰되었다. 조사된 10가지의 유기인제 농약의 형광 contour들은, 봉우리가 한 개로 된 DDVP를 포함한 8가지의 유기인제와 두 개의 봉우리로 나타난 Ateric을 포함한 두 가지의 유기인제 농약으로 나뉘어진다. 또한 최대 흡수파장의 영역별로 보면, 단일한 봉우리를 보이는 많은 유기인제는 약 280nm에, Ateric을 포함한 두 종류의 유기인제는 260nm에서, 그리고 장파장에서 최대 형광파장을 보여준 Monopho, Thaconyl의 최대 흡수파장은 비교적 장파장쪽으로 치우친 300nm와 340nm인, 다른 유기인제의 최대 형광파장과 서로 겹치지 않는 영역에서 나타났다. 그러나, 280nm에서 최대 흡수파장을 나타내는 유기인제 중에 Kitazin, Locsion, Meta는 약 2nm이하의 근소한 차이를 두고 최대 형광세기를 308nm주변에서 나타내었다. 이러한 그룹의 분별을 위해, HPLC-형광 자료를 이용하면 용리시간 차이에 의한 분리와 identification이 가능했다. 형광 contour가 매우 유사한 Kitazin, Locsion과 Meta를 비교하면, Kitazin은 $16\~20$분 대에 나타나는 peak들이 매우 미약할 뿐 아니라, 용리시간 9.6분에 나타난 현저한 단일 peak가 다른 형광 특성이 비슷한 유기인제인 Locsion이나 Meta와의 구분이 용이하게 해 준다. 그러나, Locsion과 Meta는 chromatogram의 용리시간이나, 세부적인 작은 peak 특징은 다르나, 그 pattern이 유사하여, 분석상 불확실성이 내재될 가능성이 있다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2001

The potential for a given anticholinesterase pesticide to exhibit age-related toxicity is essential information for an accurate and proper risk assessment of that compound. This investigation was designed to study the age-related toxicity of active metabolites of four organophosphates using in vitro detoxification measurement. The blood samples were collected from 1 month and 18 months old rats. The $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were 10.35, 112.84, 151.28 and 18.43 nM, respectively. When the plasma of young rats, and $CaCI_2$were added, the $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrfos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were 31.89, 164.25, 139.94 and 16.36 nM, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were changed to 136.840, 1244.45, 654.54 and 52.66 nM by A-esterases In adult rats. These results suggest that four organophosphates have a potential toxicity to exhibit age-related sensitivity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.278-288
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• 2019

In the present investigation, we attempted to design a protocol to develop a hybrid protein with better bioremediation capacity. Using in silico approaches, a Hybrid Open Reading Frame (Hybrid ORF) is developed targeting the genes of microorganisms known for degradation of organophosphates. Out of 21 genes identified through BLAST search, 8 structurally similar genes (opdA, opd, opaA, pte RO, pdeA, parC, mpd and phnE) involved in biodegradation were screened. Gene conservational analysis categorizes these organophosphates degrading 8 genes into 4 super families i.e., Metallo-dependent hydrolases, Lactamase B, MPP and TM_PBP2 superfamily. Hybrid protein structure was modeled using multi-template homology modeling (3S07_A; 99%, 1P9E_A; 98%, 2ZO9_B; 33%, 2DXL_A; 33%) by $Schr{\ddot{o}}dinger$ software suit version 10.4.018. Structural verification of protein models was done using Ramachandran plot, it was showing 96.0% residue in the favored region, which was verified using RAMPAGE. The phosphotriesterase protein was showing the highest structural similarity with hybrid protein having raw score 984. The 5 binding sites of hybrid protein were identified through binding site prediction. The docking study shows that hybrid protein potentially interacts with 10 different organophosphates. The study results indicate that the hybrid protein designed has the capability of degrading a wide range of organophosphate compounds.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2006

유기인계나 카바메이트 살충제는 신경전달계 효소인 Acetylcholinesterase(AchE)를 저해하므로 농산물중에서 농약의 잔류여부 확인이 가능하다. 이러한 바이오센서는 환경 관리를 위한 민감한 센서로 사용될 수 있으며, 최근에는 AchE를 이용한 잔류농약을 측정할 수 있는 바이오센서 기술이 주목을 받고 있다. 우리는 최근에 감광성고분자물질인 고정화물질을 이용하여 광기교화반응에 의해 AchE를 막에 고정화시켜 잔류농약을 측정할 수 있는 바이오센서를 개발하였다. 고정화시킨 효소는 $4^{\circ}C$에서 6개월 동안 안정하였으며, 유기인계와 카바메이트계의 농약에 대한 반응에서도 기존의 용액형태의 효소보다 민감한 반응을 보였다. 또한 본 연구개발로 제작된 바이오센서에 의한 잔류농약 측정법은 용액형태의 효소에 의한 잔류농약 측정법보다 신속 간편하여 5분 안에 잔류농약에 대한 효소의 억제율을 측정할 수 있었으며, chlorpyrifos, cabaryl, carbofuran methidathion에 대해 농약의 검출 능력이 정밀분석법에 의한 검출한계에 근접한 것으로 나타났다

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2001

Antidotal efficacy of combinational prophylactics composed of physostigmine plus procyclidine, alone or in combination with antidotes such as atropine plus 2-pralidoxime or atropine plus HI-6, was evaluated in rats. Physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) plus procyclidine (3 mg/kg), pretreated subcutaneously 30 min prior to subcutaneous exposure to organophosphates of militarily importance, exerted protection ratios of 7.2, 6.5, 4.0, 2.9 and 8.0 fold for tabun, saris, soman, cyclosarin and V-agent, respectively. In comparison, low effects (1.7 fold for soman and 1.3 fold for cyclosarin) were achieved with the traditional antidotes atropine (17.4 mg/kg) plus 2-pralidoxime (30 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly immediately after organophosphate, in contrast to high effects (5.5 fold for soman and 160.0 fold for cyclosarin) with atropine (17.4 mg/kg) plus HI-6 (125 mg/kg), although the protection ratio markedly decreased when treatment of antidotes was delayed. Note- worthy, the combinational prophylactics markedly potentiated the effects of antidotes to higher than 5.0 fold in all cases. In addition, the combinational prophylactics fully prevented the seizures and excitotoxic brain injuries induced by a high dose (100 mg/kg, 1.3 LD$_{50}$) of soman. Taken together, it is suggested that the prophylactics composed of physostigmine and procyclidine, in combination with posttreatment antidotes, could be a promising regimen for the prevention of lethality, seizures and brain injuries induced by organophosphates possessing diverse properties.s.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.66-80
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• 1984

The organic phosphorus compounds have been widely used as an insecticide, since toxicity of these compounds is especially drastic to the insects than to men and other mammals. The organic phosphates are rapidly hydrolized and hence have little cumulative and ecologic effects. However, due to their acute toxic effects organophosphate have recorded rather high fatalities in men and domestic animals. The organic phosphorus compounds are powerful inhibitors to the carboxylic esterase enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase. As a result of firm binding characteristics of phosphate radicals to the active sites of enzyme, the activities of these enzymes are inhibited by the organophosphates. The organophosphates such as diazinon is easily observed from skin, gastrointestinal tract, conjunctivas and respiratory tract, and it is converted to more toxic form during metabolism in the liver The present study was carried out in order to investigate the hepatotoxicity of diazinon by observing the changes in the ultrastructure of cytoplasmic organelles of hepatic cells in albino mice. The animals were killed at 6, 12 and 24 hours after administration of 25mg/kg diazinon. The piece of hepatic tissue obtained from each animal was ultrathinly sectioned. The specimens stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate double contrast methods were observed with JEM model 100B electron microscope. The results obtained were as follows: 1) A prominent dilatation and sacculation of the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum associated with detachment of membrane bound-ribosomes, and disaggregation of the free ribosomes were recognized. 2) The hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum associated with depletion of the glycogen particles was observed. 3) The atrophy of cisternae of Golgi complex was observed. 4) A large number of secondary lysosomes (autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies) were formed. Consequently it is suggested that diazinon would induce disorganization of the cytoplasmic organelles of hepatocytes in albino mice.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2007

Purpose: Organophosphorus insecticides tend to be regarded as a homogeneous single entity. We aimed to determine whether organophosphate poisoning differs by subgroups in clinical features and severity. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients with acute organophophorus poisoning from January 1998 to December 2006. We investigated clinical features, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), laboratory findings, QTc intervals, management, and outcomes. Results: A total of 109 patients were included. The dimethoxy group experienced significantly longer times than the diethoxy group for ventilation duration (0.6 day vs. 0.2 day, p=0.006), ICU duration (2.0 day vs. 0.8 day, p=0.037), and total admission duration (2.8 day vs. 0.9 day, p=0.008), except in cases of dichlorvos poisoning. Also, the GCS of the dimethoxy group (except with dichlorvos) was significantly lower than for the diethoxy group (dimethoxy, $11.2{\pm}5.2$ vs. diethoxy, $13.8{\pm}2.4$, p= 0.021). QTc intervals for the dimethoxy group (except with dichlorvos) tended to be somewhat greater than for the diethoxy group (dimethoxy, $452.9{\pm}16.1\;msec$ vs. diethoxy, $429.6{\pm}40.9\;msec$). There were 65 patients with dichlorvos ingestion, and 2 of these patients (3%) died. Conclusion: When compared to the diethoxy group, the dimethoxy group of organophosphates (with the exception of dichlorvos) were associated with poorer prognostic value for indicators such as GCS, QTc interval, requirement for intubation, ICU duration, and total admission duration. Within the dimethoxy group, patients with dichlorvos poisoning had relatively better prognoses than for the other dimethoxy group organophosphates studied.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.257-267
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• 2012

Occupational neurotoxic diseases have become increasingly common in Taiwan due to industrialization. Over the past 40 years, Taiwan has transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The most common neurotoxic diseases also changed from organophosphate poisoning to heavy metal intoxication, and then to organic solvent and semiconductor agent poisoning. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to toxic agents because of its high metabolic rate. Neurological manifestations may be transient or permanent, and may range from cognitive dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, sensorimotor neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction to neuromuscular junction disorders. This study attempts to provide a review of the major outbreaks of occupational neurotoxins from 1968 to 2012. A total of 16 occupational neurotoxins, including organophosphates, toxic gases, heavy metals, organic solvents, and other toxic chemicals, were reviewed. Peer-reviewed articles related to the electrophysiology, neuroimaging, treatment and long-term follow up of these neurotoxic diseases were also obtained. The heavy metals involved consisted of lead, manganese, organic tin, mercury, arsenic, and thallium. The organic solvents included n-hexane, toluene, mixed solvents and carbon disulfide. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide were also included, along with toxic chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, organophosphates, and dimethylamine borane. In addition we attempted to correlate these events to the timeline of industrial development in Taiwan. By researching this topic, the hope is that it may help other developing countries to improve industrial hygiene and promote occupational safety and health care during the process of industrialization.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Purpose: Extremely hazardous pesticides are classified as World Health Organization (WHO) hazard class Ia. However, data describing the clinical course of WHO class Ia OP (organophosphate) poisonings in humans are very scarce. Here, we compare the clinical features of patients who ingested hazard class Ia OPs. Methods: This retrospective observational case study included 75 patients with a history of ingesting ethyl p-nitrophenol thio-benzene phosphonate (EPN), phosphamidon, or terbufos. The patients were divided according to the chemical formulation of the ingested OP. Data regarding mortality and the development of complications were collected and compared among groups. Results: There were no differences in the baseline characteristics and severity scores at presentation between the three groups. No fatalities were observed in the terbufos group. The fatality rates in the EPN and phosphamidon groups were 11.8% and 28.6%, respectively. Patients poisoned with EPN developed respiratory failure later than those poisoned with phosphamidon and also tended to require longer mechanical ventilatory support than phosphamidon patients. The main cause of death was pneumonia in the EPN group and hypotensive shock in the phosphamidon group. Death occurred later in the EPN group than in the phosphamidon group. Conclusion: Even though all three drugs are classified as WHO class Ia OPs (extremely hazardous pesticides), their clinical courses and the related causes of death in humans varied. Their treatment protocols and predicted outcomes should therefore also be different based on the chemical formulation of the OP.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.52-56
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• 1998

The effects of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides were examined inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity in the chicken brain with enzyme-inhibition methods. The acetylcholinesterase activity in chicken brain determined by the Ellman method was 167 mmol/min/g protein. The optimum pH of acetycholinesterase was 8.2. $pl_{50}$ of acetycholinesterase by some organophosphorus were 3.80M of phosphorodlthioate, 4.04M of phosphorothioate, 6.33M of phosphate, and 6.60M of phosphrothiolate. pluto of acetycholinesterase by some carbamates were 5.1 OM of XMC, 5. 90M of carbofuran, 6.16M of isoprocarb, 6.30M of carbaryl, 6.47M of BPMC, and 6.77M of propoxur. pluto of carbamates selected was similar to that of phosphorothioate and phosphate organophosphates.