• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.223-226
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• 2012

Liquid livestock manure (LLM) has been used as a nitrogen fertilizer source for horticulture plants. LLM contains organic nitrogen (N), ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. The amount of nitrate and nitrite in LLM are usually small compared to the amount of ammonium in it and so they can be negligible if total nitrogen (N) concentration in LLM is higher than $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$. However, if total N concentration in LLM is less than $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$, the amount of nitrate and nitrite may affect total N concentration in LLM. Currently, Kjeldahl digestion method is mainly used for ammonium-N in LLM. Therefore, it is ineffective to analyze nitrate-N and nitrite-N. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the total N concentrations are affected by the amount of nitrate-N and nitrite-N with diverse LLMs by Kjeldahl method (with and without Devarda's alloy after Conc. sulfuric acid digestion). Five liquid livestock manure samples were collected at swine farms in Ansung and Icheon. All LLM samples were stored at $25^{\circ}C$, subsampled at every $15^{th}$ day for 90 days, and analyzed for total N, ammonium-N, and nitrate-N. At the $90^{th}$ day, LLM samples were analyzed with and without Devarda's alloy after Conc. sulfuric acid digestion. Potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride were used to determine the N recovery percentages. Total N concentration ranged from 560 to $4,230mg\;L^{-1}$. Nitrate-Ns were found in all LLM samples, ranged from 21 to $164mg\;L^{-1}$. N recovery percentages with potassium nitrate were 0 % without Devarda's alloy and 100% with Devarda's alloy because adding Devarda's alloy facilitated nitrate-N into ammonium-N conversion. Total Ns were significantly different between two methods, with and without Devarda's alloy. Total N concentrations were $210mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 4 and $370mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 5 without Devarda's alloy and $290mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 4 and $490mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 5 with Devarda's alloy. These results suggest that if total N of LLM is less $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$, additional procedure such as adding Devarda's alloy can be used to estimate the total N and inorganic N better.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 1986

The characteristics of anion exchange with internal $HCO_3\;^{-}\;(or\;OH^-)$ was studied by determining the time course of hemolysis in isoosmotic ammonium salt solution in human erythrocytes. The effects of inhibitors, pH and temperature on the exchange between internal $HCO_3\;^-\;(or\;OH^-)$ and external $Cl^-$ were observed and the permeabilities of various organic and inorganic anions were also measured. The results were compared with data previously reported from the experiments using radioisotopes. The results are as follows; 1) SITS $H_2DIDS$ and furosemide inhibited the hemolysis of erythrocytes in isoosmotic $NH_4Cl$ solution in a dose·dependent manner, and the concentrations for lengthening twice the time for $half-hemloysis(t_{1/2})\;were\;2.3{\times}10^{-7},\;1.3{\times}10^{-7}\;and\;2.5{\times}10^{-5}M$, respectively. 2) Acetazolamide also shifted the time-dependent hemolytic curve to the right in a dose-dependent manner, and the concentrations for lengthening twice $t_{1/2}\;was\;2.4{\times}10^{-5}M$. 3) The time-dependent hemolysis was delayed by decreasing pH from 7.0 to 6.2, but w·as not affected by the change of pH in the range of 7.0 to 8.2. 4) The time for $half-hemloysis(t_{1/2})$ showed a temperature-dependency and Arrhenius plot exhibited a break point at $20^{\circ}C$. The apparent activation energy calculated from this plot was 18.1 kcal/mol between $2^{\circ}C-20^{\circ}C$ and 11.2 kcal/mol between $20^{\circ}C-37^{\circ}C$, respectively. 5) The apparent permeabilities of various inorganic anions based on $t_{1/2}$ were in the order of $Cl^->NO_{3}\;^->SCN^->SO_4\;^{2-}>SSO_3\;^{2-}>HPO_4\;^{2-}$. which was similar with the previous reports based on the experiment using radioisotopes. The results Obtained from this study are comparable with the previous data reported from the experiments using radioisotopes. This indicates that the hemolysis of erythrocytes in isoosmotic ammonium salt solution can be used as a simple and good method for the study of anion exchange in erythrocyte membrane.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 2014

In order to reveal the long-term variations of water quality in Jinhae Bay, water qualities had been monitored at 9 survey stations of Jinhae Bay during 2000~2012. The surface and bottom waters concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and chlorophyll-a (Chl.-a) were higher at the survey stations of Masan Bay than the stations of other Bays. Especially, station 1 which is located at the inner area of Masan Bay had the highest values in the concentrations of COD, DIN, and Chl.-a because there were terrestrial pollutant sources near the station 1 and sea current had not well circulated in the inner area of Masan Bay. In factor analysis, the station 1 also had the highest factor values related to factors which increase organic matters and nutrients in surface and bottom waters of Masan Bay. However, the stations (st.5, st.6, st.7, st.8, and st.9) of other Bays had lower values of the factors. In time series analysis, the COD concentrations of the bottom waters at 8 stations except for station 1 distinctly decreased. However, the COD concentrations of the surface waters showed no distinct decrease trends at all stations. In the concentrations of nutrients (DIN and DIP) of both surface and bottom waters, there were tremendous decrease trends at all stations. Therefore, these distinct decrease trends of the COD in bottom waters and the nutrients in surface and bottom waters of Jinhae Bay could have been associated with water improvement actions such as TPLMS (total pollution load management system).

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.221-234
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• 2016

In Korea, most industrial parks and major cities are located in coastal areas, which results in serious environmental problems in both coastal land and ocean. In order to effectively manage such problems especially in coastal ocean, water quality should be monitored. As there are many factors that influence water quality, the Korean Government proposed an integrated Water Quality Index (WQI) based on in situmeasurements of ocean parameters(bottom dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a concentration, secchi disk depth, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and dissolved inorganic phosphorus) by ocean division identified based on their ecological characteristics. Field-measured WQI, however, does not provide spatial continuity over vast areas. Satellite remote sensing can be an alternative for identifying WQI for surface water. In this study, two schemes were examined to estimate coastal WQI around Korea peninsula using in situ measurements data and Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) satellite imagery from 2011 to 2013 based on machine learning approaches. Scheme 1 calculates WQI using estimated water quality-related factors using GOCI reflectance data, and scheme 2 estimates WQI using GOCI band reflectance data and basic products(chlorophyll-a, suspended sediment, colored dissolved organic matter). Three machine learning approaches including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and a modified regression tree(Cubist) were used. Results show that estimation of secchi disk depth produced the highest accuracy among the ocean parameters, and RF performed best regardless of water quality-related factors. However, the accuracy of WQI from scheme 1 was lower than that from scheme 2 due to the estimation errors inherent from water quality-related factors and the uncertainty of bottom dissolved oxygen. In overall, scheme 2 appears more appropriate for estimating WQI for surface water in coastal areas and chlorophyll-a concentration was identified the most contributing factor to the estimation of WQI.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 1994

The pot experiment using $^{15}N$ isotope dilution technique was carried out to calculate the balance of nitrogen of surface applied urea in the rice-soil system. The $^{15}N$ concentration was determined by stable isotope ratio mass spcetrometer (model: VG ISO-GAS MM622). In the pots with $^{15}N$ labeled urea application at the rates of 15 and 30 kg N/10a, the percentage of nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NDFF) in rice was higher at the rate of 30 kg N/10a (average 89%) than at the rate of 15 kg N/10a (average 64%). However, the recovery as percentage of fertilizer N by rice was higher at the rate of 15 kg N/10a (65.5%) than at the rate of 30 kg N/10a (54.2%). The percentage of the fertilizer N remained in extractable inorganic N form at the rates of 15 and 30 kg N/10a were $13.5%\;(NH_4-N\;5.53%,\;NO_3-N\;7.99%)$ and $16.5%\;(NH_4-N\;7.49%,\;NO_3-N\;8.98%)$ in unplanted soil, and $2.0%\;(NH_4-N\;0.63%,\;NO_3-N\;1.32%)$ and$2.3%\;(NH_4-N\;0.87%,\;NO_3-N\;1.40%)$ in soil planted to rice, respectively. The dominant form of inorganic-N in soil after harvest was $NO_3-N$ form rather than $NH_4-N$ form regardless of urea application rate or rice cultivation. The percentage of the fertilizer N remained in organic N form at the rates of 15 and 30 kg N/10a were 65.0 and 41.8% in unplanted soil, and 23.7 and 26.9% in soil planted to rice, respectively. In conclusion, the efficiency of surface-applied urea was greater at the rate 15 kg N/10a than at the rate of 30 kg N/10a.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 1994

The effects of anthracite and bituminous fly ash application on rice yield were investigated and the available silicate in paddy soil with ash application was analyzed. The obtained results are as follow : The yield of rice gradually decreased as the amount of anthracite ash increased. On the contrary, the rice yield gradually increased as the amount of bituminous ash increased. At harvesting stage the chemical properties in soil such as pH, organic content, and inorganic content($P_2O_5$, K. Ca, Mg and available $SiO_2$) were higher in bituminous ash treated soil than in anthracite treated soil. The amount of inorganic components in rice plant such as T-N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, CaO, and MgO gradually decreased with the growing stage of rice. However, the amount of available silicate increased with the growing stage of rice. The silicate content in soil was determined by two different methods ; 1N-NaOAc extracted method and submerging setting method. In bituminous ash treated soil, the correlation between the silicate content in plant and in soil was found when the silicate content in soil was determined by the soil submerging method. In anthracite ash treated soil, however no correlation was found between the silicate content in plant and in soil determined by either method.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.799-805
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• 1998

In present paper, we examined the flayer constituents and functionality of two stage enzyme hydrolysates (TSEH) of purplish clam and oyster, and also examined reappearance of oyster flavors through repreparation of individual flayer constituents. Total free amino acid contents in TSEH was $1943.0mg\%$ for purplish clam and was $5066.2 mg\%$ for oyster, respectively, Major free amino acids in purplish clam extracts were taurine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, Iysine and arginine, and in oyster extracts were taurine, asparagine, glutamic acid, valine, leucine, alanine, Iysine and arginine. As for nucleotides and related compounds, AMP was the principal component though small amounts in TSEH of purplish clam and oyster, and also contents of TMAO, total creatinine, and betaine were $41.2 mg\%,\;35,9 mg\%$ and $220.9 mg\%$ for that of purplish clam and $3.51 mg\%,\;33.4 mg\%$ and $380.9 mg\%$ that of oyster, respectively. The major inorganic ions in TSEH of both samples were Na, K, P, Cl and $PO_4$, and major non-volatile organic acid was succinic acid. The TSEH of purplish clam and oyster revealed very higher inhibition effect ($84.1\%,\;77.0\%$) in ACE inhibition than that ($0\~44.7\%$) of water and autolytic extract. A synthetic oyster extract prepared from pure chemicals on the basis of the analytical data on the TSEH, satisfactorily reproduced the taste of the natural extract except for a slight lack of mildness and odor. From the omission test the major taste compounds of oyster extract were free amino acid and inorganic ions. The quaternary ammonium bases, nucleotides and related compounds seemed to net an auxiliary role in taste of that.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

The study was designed to estimate the in vitro rumen by-pass rate of both chromium methionine chelate as an organic supplement and $ClCl_3$ as an inorganic supplement. Rumen by-pass rates of the supplements were evaluted by comparing ruminal metabolites in rumen fluid and Cr and methionine contents in the body of ruminal microorganism. For in vitro digestion examination, basic nutrients for ruminal microbes were supplied with 7g(DM) of feed, 2g of rice straw, and 2g of corn silage per each incubation jar. Three treatments including Control(no supplementation of Cr), T1(1000ppb supplementation of $ClCl_3$) and T2(chromium methionine chelate supplementation equivalent to 1000ppb of Cr content) were prepared with five replications per each treatment. pH of T2 was lower than that of Control and T1 regardless of incubation time. Ammonia content was higher in T2 than in Control and T1 during first 6 hours of incubation. However, the ammonia content in Control was remained low after 6 hours. Total volatile fatty acids(VFA) content in control was increased constantly as incubation time was extended. Therefore, VFA content in T1 and T2 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of Control. Dry matter recovery rate by ruminal microorganism was the lowest in T1, however ruminal microbial population was increased most efficiently in T2 during 12 hours of in vitro incubation. Cr concentrations in the body of ruminal microbes were not different(P>0.05) between Control and T2, but it was significantly high in T1(P<0.05). Contents of methionine and cystine in ruminal microbes also were not different between Control and T2(P>0.05), but it was relatively low in T1. Based on the above results, the chromium methionine chelate was believed to by-pass rumen and could remain intact until it reaches small intestine compared to inorganic chromium. This results implies that chromium methionine chelate could be more effective to function in the small intestine of ruminant animals.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 1998

D-Tagatose production from D-galactose was investigated using 35 type strains of American Culture Type Collection (ATCC) and Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) which have potential to produce D-tagatose. Enterobacter agglomerans ATCC 27987 was selected as a D-tagatose producing strain due to its short fermentation time and high production of D-tagatose. Optimization of the culture conditions for D-tagatose production by E. agglomerans ATCC 27987 was performed. Among various carbon sources, D-galactose was the most effective carbon source for D-tagatose production. As the D-galactose concentration was increased, cell growth and D-tagatose production increased. Effect of nitrogen sources on D-tagatose production was studied. Of inorganic nitrogen sources, ammonium sulfate was effective one for D-tagatose production and yeast extract was the most suitable organic nitrogen nutrient. The concentrations of inorganic compounds such as KH$_2$PO$_4$, K$_2$HPO$_4$, and MgSO$_4$$.$7H$_2$O were also optimized for D-tagatose production. The optimal medium was determined to contain D-galactose of 20 g/l, yeast extract of 5.0 g/l, (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$ of 2.0 g/l, KH$_2$PO$_4$ of 5.0 g/l, K$_2$HPO of 5.0 g/l, and MgSO$_4$$.$7H$_2$O of 5 mg/l. The optimal environmental conditions in a 250-$m\ell$ flask were found to be pH of 6.0, temperature of 30$^{\circ}C$, and agitation speed of 150 rpm. D-tagatose of 0.41 g/l could be obtained in 24 h from 20 g/l D-galactose at the optimal culture condition without induction and cell concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.83-99
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• 2005

To evaluate environmental charateristics of the South Sea and East China Sea on summer, water and sediment quality were measured in June 2001-2003. Surface layer was affceted by Warm water originated from the high temperature and salinity-Tsushima Warm Current, on the other hand, Yellow Sea Cold Water was spread to the bottom layer in the south-western part of the Jeju island, and salinity at stations near the Yangtze River was decreased below 29psu because of a enormous freshwater discharges. Thermocline-depth was formed at about 10m, and chlorophyll maximum layer was existed in and below the thermocline. COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand), TN(Total Nitrogen), and TP(Total Phosphorus) concentrations showed seawater quality grade II in surface layer of the most area, but concentrations of such as COD, Chl. a, TSS(Total Suspended Solid), and nutrients were greatly increased in the effect area of Yangtze River discharges. Correlations between dissolved inorganic nitrogen, Chl. a and salinity were negative patterns strongly, in contrast, those of inorganic phosphorus, COD and Chl. a were positive, which indicates that phytoplankton biomass and phosphorus are considered as important factors of organic matter distribution and algal growth, respectively. in the study area. The distribution of ignition loss, COD, and $H_2S$ of surface sediment were in the ranges of 2.61-8.81%, $0.64-11.86mgO_2/g-dry$, and ND-0.25 mgS/g-dry, respectively, with relatively high concentration in the eastern part of the study area. Therefore, to effective and sustainable use and management of this area, continuous monitoring and countermeasures about major input sources to the water and sediment, and prediction according to the environmental variation, are necessary.