• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.293-298
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the changes on the components of salted eggplant(shikibu) during storage. The contents of total and reducing sugars were decreased during storage, and the tendency of decrease was lower in the salted eggplants of vacuum packing storage than in the salted eggplants of rice bran immersion storage. The contents of acetic and malic acid were higher than other organic acids. The content of acetic acid was increased during storage, but malic acid was decrease. The major amino acid were valine, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid. The content of essential amino acids was increased during storage. Aspartic acid, alanine, cystine and proline were high content of free amino acids. The contents of phosphoserine, taurine, Y-aminoisobutyric acid and hydroxyproline were higher than others. Posphoserine content was decreased during storage, but Y-aminoisobutyric acid was increased to 5 times of fresh eggplant at 20 days of storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.120-125
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in components of salted eggplant (chukyang) during storage. The contents of total and reducing sugar were decreased during storage, and the tendency was lower in the salted eggplants of vacuum packing storage than in the salted eggplants of rice bran immersion storage. The organic acids of salted eggplants were acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and malic acid. And acetic and malic acid contents were much higher than the others. The content of acetic acid was increased during storage, but malic acid was decreased. Major amino acids of eggplants were valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine. The content of total amino acid was 1,488.18 mg/100 g in eggplant packed vacuum film at 20 days of storage, and higher than those in fresh eggplant. The content of total amino acid in eggplant immersed in wet rice bran was 745.42 mg/100 g at 20 days of storage, and decreased during storage. The contents of aspartic acid, alanine, cystine, and proline in free amino acids of salted eggplants were higher than other amino acids. The contents of phosphoserine, taurine, ${\gamma}$ -aminoisobutyric acid and hydroxyproline were higher than others. Posphoserine content was decreased during storage, but ${\gamma}$ -aminoisobutyric acid content was increased during storage.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.178-188
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• 2014

Two kinds of anticaking agents (dextrin, polydextrose) were combined with kiwifruit paste at 5% w/w ratio and freeze-dried to prepare a powdered material. The physiochemical characteristics of kiwifruit powders with anticaking agents were compared with those without anticaking agents as the control. The yield was higher in the powders with anticaking agents than the control. Moisture content, acidity, and total phenolics were lower in the powders with anticaking agents than the control. The contents of vitamin C was higher in the powders with anticaking agents than the control, but was no significant difference with different anticaking agent types. There were no significant differences in free sugar content (fructose, glucose, total sugar) and organic acid content (oxalic acid, lactic acid, total) depending on the anticaking agent types. Hunter's L-value was significantly high in the order of the samples with dextrin, the control, and polydextrose, while a-value showed an opposite tendency. Browning index, water solubility, and swelling power didn't show any significant difference. However, the hygroscopicities with elapsed time were lower in the powders with anticaking agents than the control. Therefore, the kiwifruit powder combined with dextrin or polydextrose as an anticaking agent at 5% w/w ratio could be used as a food biomaterial with a good quality in moisture, vitamim C, color value, browning index, water solubility, and hygroscopicity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 1991

To manufacture a good organic fertilizer through rapid composting process, cow dung was mixed with bulking materials such as rice straws, shredded bark, wood chips, and saw dust. The mixing ratio of the cow dung and bulking material was two to one on volume basis and moisture content was adjusted to 60 to 70 percent, C/N ratio 25 to 30 and aeration forced with suction during the aerated pile fermentation. Aerated pile was established outdoors and curing pile was in vinylhouse and the experiment was conducted for 3 years from '88 to '90. After pilling, temperature in aerated pile was reached to the maximum level at 7 to 9 days and the temperatures of cow dung + shredded bark, cow dung + wood chips, and cow dung + rice straws were higher than that of cow dung, and cow dung + saw dust. Total carbon, and C/N ratio in aerated pile fermentation period were increased in the middle stage and then they were decreased with the process of days, and nutrient contents in curing pile period had the same tendency as in the aerated pile.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.809-819
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• 2016

This experiment was carried out to determine the treatment interval on neem product for control of Bemisia tabaci on eggplant using eco-friendly agriculture. We have investigated the control effect of B. tabaci, growth characteristics of eggplant, economics according to neem product treatment interval on eggplant. The longer neem processing interval tended to decrease control effect on nymphs of B. tabaci. Control effect of nymph of B. tabaci according to treatment interval of 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 15 days were 96.7%, 89.7%, 76.1%, 73.4%, and 51.0%, respectively. This result was the same tendency in adult of B. tabaci control effects on eggplant. Growth characteristics of eggplant according to neem the treatment interval of 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days, was less damaged on of B. tabaci. However, the 10 days, 15 days, and untreated of neem treatment intervals were badly damaged by B. tabaci. Therefore, neem treatment interval of 3~7 days for control of B. tabaci was high control effect. However, it is considered to be the most suitable to process every seven days considering the economics and so on. The results of economic analysis from income of 7 days neem treatment interval was the most high as 19.505 thousand won per 10a and the most economical treatment for control of B. tabaci.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2000

To elucidate succession of bacterial populations, especially nitrifying bacteria during the composting of cattle manure with apple pomace, fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) using rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes were applied. The density of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria was ranged from $3,3{\times}10^6cells/g$ dw to $13,4{\times}10^6cells/g$ dw with the peak value after 26 composting days whereas that of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria varied between $6.0{\times}10^6cells/g$ dw and $17.2{\times}10^6cells/g$ dw with the peak value after 7 composting days. And the tendency that the numbers of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were higher than those of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and the peak-time of their densities were the same as that of data determined by the ratio of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria to eubacteria. The peak of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria followed the peak of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, at the late phase of composting process could be probably caused by the depletion of volatile ammonia of composting materials. Besides these results indicate that FISH method is a useful tool for detection of slow growing nitrifying bacteria.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1809-1816
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• 2000

The catalytic combustion of methanol as a model volatile organic compound(VOC) was been investigated over metal-phthalocyanine(PC) in a fixed bed flow reactor system. The catalytic activity of Co-PC pretreated with air and methanol mixture at $450^{\circ}C$ and 60 cc/min for 1 hr was very excellent. The order of catalytic activity on methanol combustion was summarized as follows: metal free-PC < Zn-PC < Fe-PC < Cu($\alpha$)-PC < Co-PC. By TG/DTA analysis, the tendency of thermal decomposition was increased as follows: metal free-PC < Zn-PC < Cu($\alpha$)-PC < Co-PC < Fe-PC. Under this pretreatment condition, the basic structures of Co-PC, Cu($\alpha$)-PC and Fe-PC were destroyed, and the new metal oxide such as $Co_3O_4$ from Co-PC was confirmed by EA and XRD analysis. But Zn-PC and metal free-PC were retained its basic structure under this pretreatment condition. On the combustion of methanol over Co-PC, HCHO and $HCOOCH_3$ were observed as an intermediate products in the high concentration of reactant or the short contact time(W/F).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2016

The chemical properties of paddy fields in Gangwon province were monitored every 4 years from 2003 to 2015 in order to provide basic information for soil fertility management of paddy fields. In 2015, the soil chemical properties of paddy fields were 5.9 in pH, $22g\;kg^{-1}$ in organic matter (OM), and $123mg\;kg^{-1}$ in available (Avail.) phosphate $P_2O_5$. Exchangeable (Exch.) potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were 0.39, 4.8 and $0.9cmolc\;kg^{-1}$, respectively, and Avail. $SiO_2$ was $170mg\;kg^{-1}$. In the long-term analysis, the contents of Avail. $SiO_2$, Exch. K and pH of paddy soils showed increasing tendency. However, Avail. $P_2O_5$, Exch. Ca and Mg tended to decrease, and there were no significant changes in the contents of OM. Soil OM, Avail. $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$ were not different among the different topographical sampling sites. However, the mean value of Exch. K and Ca were different among the different topographical sampling sites, and exceeded optimal values in the fluvio-marine plains. Different soil texture resulted in different soil pH, while no difference for OM, Avail. $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$. Paddy soil samples within appropriate pH range increased from 65% in 2003 to 77% in 2007, 68% in 2011, and 71% in 2015. In case of Avail. $SiO_2$, soil samples within appropriate range increased from 20% in 2003, to 37% in 2007, 29% in 2011, and 45% in 2015. Meanwhile, Cd and Pb were distributed to less than 5% of soil pollution standards. Cu, As and Zn were distributed to less than 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Therefore, paddy soil in Gangwon Province was judged to be safe. As a result, paddy fields with more or less in nutrient level need to be fertilized based on the soil analysis. And the application of silicate fertilizer is strongly recommended to those of paddy fields in need. In addition, soil management including the cultivation of green manure crop or application of rice straw is necessary to increase the organic matter content of paddy soil.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2001

The Keum river has been utilized for drinking water supply of several city including Kunsan city and is deepening pollution state due to numerous municipal and industrial discharges. The concentration BOD in river is affected by the organic loading from a tributary and the algae biomass that largely happen to under eutrophication state. In the eutrophic water mass such as the Keum river, the autochthonous BOD was very important part for making a decision of water quality management, because it was accounted for majority of the total BOD. The predict of water quality has important meaning for management of water quality pollution of the Keum river. The purpose of this study will manage and predict water quality of the Keum river using QUAL-2E model considering the autochthonous BOD. The estimation of autochthonous BOD represented that the relationship between BOD and chlorophyll a. The regression equation was shown to be autochthonous BOD=$\beta$(sub)5$\times$chlorophyll a. The results of this study may be summarized as followed; The QUAL-2E model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area in June, 1998. The calculated value by QUAL-2E model are in good agree to measured value within relative error of 7.80~20.33%. Especially, in the case of the considering autochthonous BOD, the calculated value of BOD were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of 15%. But the case of not considering autochthonous BOD, relative error of BOD was shown to be 43.2%. In order to attain II grade of water quality standard in Puyo station which has a intake facility of water supply, we reduced to the pollutants loading of tributaries. In the case of removed 100% BOD of tributaries, the BOD of Puyo station was 4.07mg/$\ell$, belong to III grade of water quality standard. But in the case of removed 88% nutrient of tributaries, it was satisfied to II grade of water quality standard as below 3mg/$\ell$ of BOD. For estimation of autochthonous BOD in Keum river, we are performed simulating in accordance with reduction of nutrient load(50~100%) under conditions removal 90% organic load. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD according to nutrient loading reductions were varied from 25.97~79.51%. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD was shown to be a tendency to increasing in accordance with reduction of nutrient loading. Showing the above results, the nutrient that one of the growing factor of algae was important role in decision of BOD in the Keum river. For the water quality management of the Keum river, therefore, it is necessary to considering autochthonous BOD and to construction of advanced sewage treatment plant for nutrient removal.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.759-772
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to develop control method for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on eggplant using sticky trap method. According to the color of the sticky traps, the attractiveness of the B. tabaci was the highest in the yellow trap, followed by the green and orange. However, white, blue, red, black and green sticky traps have reduced attractiveness of B. tabaci. In order to improve the efficiency and attractiveness of sticky trap to the B. tabaci, the different kinds of sugars such as glucose, fructose, oligosaccharide, starch syrup and pure sugar were added to sticky traps respectively. However, the effect of B. tabaci attractiveness was low in starch syrup, pure sugar, and non-treated sticky traps. The attracting effect of B. tabaci was depending on the location of sticky trap. The highest value was obtained where sticky traps were located in the top of the eggplant, followed by 30 cm above from the top level. In addition, we were installed up to 40 sticky traps to determine the optimal amount of sticky traps to control B. tabaci in eggplant. When increasing the sticky traps, the number of adult and nymphs of B. tabaci were tended to be decreased significantly. This tendency was more effective in the latter stages than in the early stages. As the number of sticky traps increased, not only the growth rate of eggplant, leaf length, and stem diameter were to be better. But also number of fruits and product marketable value were increased at the early stage of growing as well. The study had proven that the sticky traps had an effect on increasing the yield at the early stage of growth, but the efficiency of controlling decreased due to the high density of B. tabaci of the next generation.