• 상하수도학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 1993

The Wastewater from the weight reduction process of polyester is more difficult to be treated biologically than the general wastewater from dyeing and finishing processes in textile industries. Above wastewater shows high pH, high organic strength and wide variation of organic loading. These characteristics are due to TPA and EG resulting from alkaline weight-reduction process and make trouble in the operation of activated sludge process. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop the pretreatment method for the successful operation of treatment process. For the successful pretreatment process, the wastewater from weight-reduction process should be segregated from other wastewater stream and then acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid to precipitate out TPA from DST solution. At the optimum pH of 2. 2, the initial $COD_{cr}$ 60,000mg/l is reduced to 11,500mg/l and the removal efficiency of $COD_{cr}$ is 81.1%. The required amount of sulfuric acid for pretreatment is not greater than the amount for the the existing neutralization process. Moreover, the supernatant of pretreatment process can be reused in acidification of wastewater.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2018

Climate change is believed to increase the amount of dissolved organic matter in surface water, as a result of the release of bulk organic matter, which make difficult to achieve a high quality of drinking water via conventional water treatment techniques. Therefore, the natural water treatment techniques, such as managed aquifer recharge (MAR), can be proposed as a alternative method to improve water quality greatly. Removal of bulk organic matter using managed aquifer recharge system is mainly achieved by biodegradation. Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) can be used as water quality indicators for biological stability of drinking water. In this study, we compared the change of BDOC and AOC with respect to pretreatment methods (i.e., ozone or peroxone). The oxidative pretreatment can transform the recalcitrant organic matter into readily biodegradable one (i.e., BDOC and AOC). We also investigated the differences of organic matter characteristics between BDOC and AOC. We observed the decreases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the tryptophan-like fluorescence intensities. Liquid chromatographic - organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) analysis also showed the reduction of the low molecular weight (LMW) fraction (15% removed, less than 500 Da), which is known to be easily biodegradable, and the biopolymers, high molecular weight fractions (66%). Therefore, BDOC consists of a broad range of organic matter characteristics with respect to molecular weight. In AOC, low molecular weight organic matter and biopolymers fraction was reduced by 11 and 6%, respectively. It confirmed that biodegradation by microorganisms as the main removal mechanism in AOC, while BDOC has biodegradation by microorganism as well as the sorption effects from the sand. $O_3$ and $O_3+H_2O_2$ were compared with respect to biological stability and dissolved organic matter characteristics. BDOC and AOC were determined to be about 1.9 times for $O_3$ and about 1.4 times for $O_3+H_2O_2$. It was confirmed that $O_3$ enhanced the biodegradability by increasing LMW dissolved organic matter.

• 에너지공학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.70-80
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• 2018

Natural organic matter (NOM) is among the most common pollutant in underground and surface waters. It comprises of humic substances which contains anionic macromolecules such as aliphatic and aromatic compounds of a wide range of molecular weights along with carboxylic, phenolic functional groups. Although the concentration of NOM in potable water usually lies in the range of 1-10 ppm. Conventional treatment technologies are facing challenge in removing NOM effectively. The main issues are concentrated to low efficiency, membrane fouling, and harmful by-product formation. Ion-exchangers can be considered as an efficient and economic pretreatment technology for the removal of NOM. It not only consumes less time for pretreatment but also resist formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), an unwanted harmful by-product. This article provides a comprehensive review of ion exchange processes for the removal of NOM.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.55-68
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• 2020

Because of the intensified environmental problems such as climate change and resource depletion, sewage treatment technology focused on energy management has recently attracted attention. The conversion of primary sludge from the primary sedimentation tank and excessive sludge from the secondary sedimentation tank into biogas is the key to energy-positive sewage treatment. In particular, the primary sedimentation tanks recover enriched biodegradable organic matter and anaerobic digestion process produces methane from the organic wastes for energy production. Such technologies for minimizing oxygen demand are leading the innovation regarding sewage treatment plants. However, sewage treatment facilities in Korea lack core technology and operational know-how. Actually, the energy potential of sewage is higher than sewage treatment energy consumption in the sewage treatment, but current processes are not adequately efficient in energy recovery. To improve this, it is possible to apply chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), high-rate activated sludge (HRAS), and anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) to the primary sedimentation tank. To maximize the methane production of sewage treatment plants, organic wastes such as food waste and livestock manure can be digested. Additionally, mechanical pretreatment, thermal hydrolysis, and chemical pretreatment would enhance the methane conversion of organic waste. Power generation systems based on internal combustion engines are susceptible to heat source losses, requiring breakthrough energy conversion systems such as fuel cells. To realize the energy positive sewage treatment plant, primary organic matter recovery from sewage, biogas pretreatment, and co-digestion should be optimized in the energy management system based on the knowledge-based operation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.534-541
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• 2003

Membrane processes are now frequently considered for application in drinking water treatment. The biggest impediment for applying membrane processes is fouling that comes from mass flux (such as particle and organic matter) to the membrane surface and its pores due to convection flow through the membrane. Natural organic matter (NOM) has been reported as the most detrimental foulant. Some research also indicated that particles were often the dominant cause of fouling. Therefore, both NOM and particle fouling need to be examined to better understand fouling in ultrafiltration. Two waters from natural sources, Lake Austin water and Missouri River water, were selected. Both waters are relatively hard waters but has significantly different particle concentrations, which will elucidate effects of particles on membrane fouling. Precipitative softening is traditionally designed to remove hardness ions in hard waters but it can also remove particles and organic matter. Therefore, the integrated water treatment with softening and ultrafiltration is proposed as a promising option for hard waters. The three levels of softening were used to represent different degrees of pretreatment to ultrafiltration in terms of organic matter (i.e., NOM fouling) and precipitates (i.e., particle fouling by further precipitation). Results showed that natural particles in Missouri River water was detrimental foulants of ultrafiltration. As the levels of softening were increased, NOM and particle removal was increased, and thus fouling was decreased. Direct images of the surface of the membranes by scanning electron microscopy allowed observation of the different properties of particles caught in fibril networks of natural organic matter.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2011

Reverse osmosis (RO) technology has developed over the past 40 years to control a 44% market share in the world desalting production capacity and an 80% share in the total number of desalination plants installed worldwide. The application of conventional and low-pressure membrane pretreatment processes to seawater RO (SWRO) desalination has undergone accelerated development over the past decade. Reliable pretreatment techniques are required for the successful operation of SWRO processes, since a major issue is membrane fouling associated with particulate matter/colloids, organic/inorganic compounds, and biological growth. While conventional pretreatment processes such as coagulation and granular media filtration have been widely used for SWRO, there has been an increased tendency toward the use of ultrafiltration/microfiltration (UF/MF) instead of conventional treatment techniques. The literature shows that both the conventional and the UF/MF membrane pretreatment processes have different advantages and disadvantages. This review suggests that, depending on the feed water quality conditions, the suitable integration of multiple pretreatment processes may be considered valid since this would utilize the benefits of each separate pretreatment.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2008

지구온난화에 따른 대체연료의 하나로 바이오에탄올의 생산이 증대되면서 곡물가격 상승과 같은 문제를 야기하고 있다. 차세대 바이오에탄올의 원료로서 목질계 바이오매스는 큰 잠재성에도 불구하고 높은 생산단가로 인하여 상업화 되지는 않고 있다. 생산단가의 절감을 위해 필요한 핵심기술은 가수분해율을 높이고 단당의 회수율을 높이는 것으로 전체 바이오에탄올 생산공정에서 열화학적 전처리이다. 본 연구에서는 목질계 바이오에탄올 제조공정에서의 열화학적 전처리에 대하여 소개하고 극복해야 할 문제들에 대하여 제시하고자 한다. 산, 알칼리, 열수, 용매, 암모니아, 산소 등을 첨가하는 전처리는 리그닌과 헤미셀룰로오스를 제거하고 셀룰로오스의 결정성을 감소시킨다. 이러한 전처리 방식들은 침엽수, 활엽수, 곡식의 줄기 등 목질계 원료에 따라 최적의 처리 조건들이 확립되어져야 한다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.361-366
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• 2001

TiN barrier 막 위에 metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)법으로 Cu막을 증착함에 있어 TiN막 표면을 먼저 세정처리하지 않고 바로 Cu막을 증착하려하면 Cu의 핵생성이 어렵고, 그 결과 연속된 Cu막이 형성되지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 SEM, AES, AFM 등의 분석방법을 사용하여 TiN 막 표면에 대한 플라즈마 전처리 세정이 Cu막의 핵생성에 미치는 효과에 관하여 조사하였다. Gu의 전처리 세정방법으로는 direct플라즈마 방식이 원거리 플라즈마 방식보다 훨씬 더 효과적이다. 또한 수소플라즈마 전처리 시 rf-power와 플라즈마 조사시간이 증가함에 따라 세정효과는 더 증대된다. 플라즈마 전처리가 Cu의 핵생성을 고양시키는 원리는 다음과 같다. 플라즈마 내의 수소이온이 TiN과 반응하여 $NH_3$가 됨으로서 질소 성분이 제거되어 TiN이 Ti로 환원된다. Cu는 TiN기판보다는 Ti기판상에서 핵생성이 더 잘 되므로 플라즈마 전처리는 Cu의 핵생성을 돕는 효과를 가져온다.

• 공업화학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1990

급속동결 전처리가 유기이온교환 수지의 분쇄에 미치는 효과를 연구하였다. 습윤상태의 이온교환 수지를 고체탄산 또는 액체질소를 이용하여 급속동결하면 이온교환 수지의 내부구조가 물리적으로 파괴되며 일단 파괴된 수지는 다시 실온이 되어도 원래의 상태로 회복되지 않음을 발견하였다. 따라서 급속동결한 수지는 실온에서도 분쇄가 매우 용이하며 이 효과는 양이온교환 수지가 음이온교환 수지에 비하여 더 크게 나타났다. 아울러 음이온교환 수지의 경우, 급속동결 전처리 효과 뿐만 아니라 이온종류 역시 분쇄에 큰 영향을 미침을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2016

최근 다양한 형태의 슬러지 최종처리 기술들이 제안되고, 기존 혐기성 소화공정에서 바이오가스 생산효율을 증가시키기 위한 전처리 기술들이 개발되어왔다. 이들 기술 중 열적전처리(Thermal pretreatment) 기술은 기존 슬러지 처리방법과 다르게 입자의 유기성 성분을 용해시킴으로써 슬러지 특성을 변화시켜 감량과 재이용이 가능한 전처리 기술이다. 그러나 대부분의 연구들은 높은 온도에서 입자의 가수분해, COD 가용화부분에 중점을 두고 연구 되어졌으며, 소수의 결과들만이 물리, 화학적 특성변화에 대해서 보고되었다. 본 연구는 열적전처리 효율에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 온도, 약품이 탄소원 형성과 분율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 입자의 가수분해 속도가 증가하였으며, 산화제의 주입량이 증가 할수록 고분자 유기성 물질은 감소하고 저분자 유기성 물질(분자량 350 g/mol 이하)의 분율이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이번 실험결과는 슬러지 감량화 및 재이용를 위한 열적 전처리에 의한 분자의 특성을 파악하는데 기여할 수 있을 것이라 판단한다.