• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of application levels of nightsoil sludge compost(NSC) in 3 and 4 cuttings per annum on the dry matter yields and nutritive value of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.). Annual nightsoil sludge compost(NSC) were applied at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ton $㏊^{respectively}$ . Relative yields of each cut to annual dry matter yield were 29.9%, 46.% and 23.2% for 1st cut, 2nd cut and 3rd cut in 3 cutting system, 23.7%, 29.3%, 34.0% and 13.0% for 1st cut, 2nd cut, 3rd cut and 4th cut in 4 cutting system, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were 8.11 ton $㏊^{-1}$ at level of 40 ton ㏊$^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 3 cutting systems, ranges of 7.50~10.71 ton $㏊^{-1}$ at level of 10~80 ton ㏊$^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 4 cutting systems than those of non application level of NSC, respectively(p〈0.05). The mean efficiency of dry matter production to application of NSC(kg DM/ton NSC) were 46 and 102 kg in 3 and 4 cutting systems, respectively. Although th contents of crude protein(CP, %) of orchardgrass were significantly higher at the application levels of 10~80 ton $㏊^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ -1/ by NSC than those of the application levels at the 0 ton $㏊^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 3 and 4 cutting systems(p〈0.05), the contents of neutral detergent fiber(NDF, %) and acid detergent fiber(ADF, %) were lower in NSC plots than those at the non-application plots of NSC. The contents of total digestible nutrient(TDN, %) and relative feed value(RFV) of orchardgrass were significantly increased with increase the applicaton levels of NSC(p〈0.05).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.751-760
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• 2015

Management of renewable organic resources is important in attaining the sustainability of agricultural production. However, nutrient management with organic resources is more complex than fertilization with chemical fertilizer because the composition of the organic input or the environmental condition will influence organic matter decomposition and nutrient release. One of the most effective methods for estimating nutrient release from organic amendment is the use of N mineralization models. The present study aimed at parameterizing N mineralization models for a number of organic amendments being used as a nutrient source for crop production. Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted in aerobic condition. N mineralization was investigated for nineteen organic amendments in sandy soil and clay soil at $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$. N mineralization was facilitated at higher temperature condition. Negative correlation was observed between mineralized N and C:N ratio of organic amendments. N mineralization process was slower in clay soil than in sandy soil and this was mainly due to the delayed nitrification. The single and the double exponential models were used to estimate N mineralization of the organic amendments. N mineralization potential $N_p$ and mineralization rate k were estimated in different temperature and soil conditions. Estimated $N_p$ ranged from 28.8 to 228.1 and k from 0.0066 to 0.6932. The double exponential model showed better prediction of N mineralization compared with the single exponential model, particularly for organic amendments with high C:N ratio. It is expected that the model parameters estimated based on the incubation experiment could be used to design nutrient management planning in environment-friendly agriculture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.732-739
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• 2009

Pig slurry is a good soil amendment not only because of its high organic matter content, but also because of its ability to provide various nutrients. The objective of this study was to estimate the influence of raw and processed pig slurry application on pot soil over chemical fertilizer and non-amended control soil. Change in the chemical parameters (pH, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), macro and micronutrients) and microbial mass of the treated soils were monitored over 30 to 90 days. Pot soil was treated with the recommended dose of pig slurry and chemical fertilizer, and was sampled after 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation. The least significanct difference (p<0.05) was observed on Fe, Cu, Zn, available P and K between treatments. All treatments increased N, P and K content and microbial mass of soil over control soil. Interestingly, no significant effects were detected on OM, OC, total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi mass in soil irrespective of treatments given. However fungal and bacterial counts, as well as available nutrients, were found to be higher in processed slurry (PS)-treated soil compared to other soils. In general a significant correlation existed between the fungal count and OM, OC, Zn, T Kjeldahl N (TKN), available P and K of soil. A strong negative correlation was observed between pH and Fe in soil. This study clearly demonstrated that the use of processed manure as a fertilizer could be a key for sustainable livestock agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.602-609
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• 2015

In order to enhance a biogas production by the hydro-thermal pre-treatment of piggery manure, the effects of hydro-thermal reaction temperature at thermal hydrolysis of piggery manure on the methane potential and anaerobic biodegradability of thermal hydrolysate were analyzed. The increase of hydro-thermal reaction temperature from $170^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$ caused the enhancement of hydrolysis efficiency, and most of organic matters were present in soluble forms. However, the methane potentials ($B_u-TCOD$) of hydrolysate were decreased from 0.239 to $0.188Nm^3kg^{-1}-TCOD_{added}$ by increasing hydro-thermal reaction temperature from $170^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$, and also the anaerobic biodegradability (DTCOD) decreased from 74.6% to 58.6% with increase of hydro-thermal reaction temperature. The increase of hydro-thermal reaction temperature from $170^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$ resulted in the decrease of easily biodegradable organic matter content, while persistent organic matter contents increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.606-612
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• 2005

Individual production traits, such as reproduction and mortality rates, are partial measures, but may be used to evaluate the performance of different systems by comparing the rate of flock growth and potential offtake. The productivity of two existing sheep production systems, one extensive, one intensive, was compared with an alternative semi-intensive system. The future flock sizes, offtakes and structures were predicted based on the age structure of the flock and age-specific reproduction, mortality and growth rates. The measurements were illustrated with reference to growth of a sheep flock of different age and sex categories. The flock was in a socalled dynamic situation. During the dry period, the digestible organic matter intake of the animals in the intensive system and both extensive and semi-extensive systems was 36 and 20.1 g kg$^{-0.75}$ d$^{-1}$, respectively. During the cold period, the digestible organic matter intake of the animals in extensive, intensive and semi-extensive systems was 34, 34.5 and 41 g kg$^{-0.75}$ d$^{-1}$, respectively. During the dry period, the animals in the both extensive and semi-intensive systems lost in body weight at a rate of 19 g per day, but the rate of gain in body weight of the animals in intensive system was 57 g per day. During the cold period, the animals in extensive, intensive and semiintensive systems gained in body weight at rates of 56, 67 and 97 g per day, respectively. The higher gain of animals during the cold period in the semi-intensive system was related to a sustained higher intake of low-quality roughage and more efficient use of the available feed. Compared to the intensive system, the annual concentrate input of the semi-intensive system was about 48% lower for each livestock unit. The productivity of the semi-intensive system was higher than that of the extensive system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.327-343
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• 2012

In order to develop a high cellulolytic direct-fed microorganism (DFM) for ruminant productivity improvement, this study isolated cellulolytic bacteria from the rumen of Holstein dairy cows, and compared their cellulolytic abilities via DM degradability, gas production and cellulolytic enzyme activities. Twenty six bacteria were isolated from colonies grown in Dehority's artificial (DA) medium with 2% agar and cultured in DA medium containing filter paper at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24h. 16s rDNA gene sequencing of four strains from isolated bacteria showed that H8, H20 and H25 strains identified as Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and H23 strain identified as Fibrobacter succinogenes. H20 strain had higher degradability of filter paper compared with others during the incubation. H8 (R. flavefaciens), H20 (R. flavefaciens), H23 (F. succinogenes), H25 (R. flavefaciens) and RF (R. flavefaciens sijpesteijn, ATCC 19208) were cultured in DA medium with filter paper as a single carbon source for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 days without shaking at $39^{\circ}C$, respectively. Dry matter degradability rates of H20, H23 and H25 were relatively higher than those of H8 and RF since 2 d incubation. The cumulative gas production of isolated cellulolytic bacteria increased with incubation time. At every incubation time, the gas production was highest in H20 strain. The activities of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and Avicelase in the culture supernatant were significantly higher in H20 strain compared with others at every incubation time (p<0.05). Therefore, although further researches are required, the present results suggest that H20 strain could be a candidate of DFM in animal feed due to high cellulolytic ability.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Hypoxia can affect water-atmosphere methane flux by controlling the production and consumption processes of methane in coastal areas. Seasonal methane concentration and fluxes were quantified to evaluate the effects of seasonal hypoxia in Dangdong Bay (Gyeongsangnamdo, Jinhae Bay, South Korea). Sediment-water methane flux increased more than 300 times during hypoxia (normoxia and hypoxia each 6, 1900 µmol m^-2 d^-1), and water-atmospheric methane flux and bottom methane concentration increased about 2, 10 times (normoxia and hypoxia each 190, 420 µmol m^-2 d^-1; normoxia and hypoxia each 22, 230 nM). Shoaling of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the sediments during the hypoxia (August) was confirmed by the change of the depth at which the maximum hydrogen sulfide concentration was detected. Shoaling shortens the distance between the water column and methanogenesis section to facilitate the inflow of organic matter, which can lead to an increase in methane production. In addition, since the transport distance of the generated methane to the water column is shortened, consumption of methane will be reduced. The combination of increased production and reduced consumption could increase sediment-aqueous methane flux and dissolved methane, which is thought to result in an increase in water-atmospheric methane flux. We could not observe the emission of methane accumulated during the hypoxia due to stratification, so it is possible that the estimated methane flux to the atmosphere was underestimated. In this study, the increase in methane flux in the coastal area due to hypoxia was confirmed, and the necessity of future methane production studies according to oxygen conditions in various coastal areas was demonstratedshown in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 1995

In order to find out optimum seed production date according to different defoliation and flooding period of Italian ryegrass, this studies with Tetrone were canied out on the experimental field of Honam Crop Experiment Station from 1986 to 1988. Treatments included cutting date of Nov. 20 and Apr. 10 and flooding period of 5-25 days. In soil after experiment, organic matter, phosphate and silicate content increased, but potassium content decreased 0.16% than that before experiment. Heading and maturing date of Nov. 20 cutting were same with those of non cutting, those of Apr. 10 cutting lates 6 days to heading date and 2 days to maturing date. Plant height and culm length of Nov. 20 cutting were sirniller to those of non cutting, those of Apr. 10 cutting were shorter and panicle length have no difference between non cutting and cutting. Lodging of cutting treatment was reduced than that of non cutting. Lodgin was increased as flooding period was long, also loding of all treatment occured at 30 days after heading. Two cutting times of Nov. 20 and Apr. 10 have the most fresh yield, while non cutting have the most dry matter yield. Optimun seed productin date was considered to suitable when 35 days after heading (Jun. 14), at this time, seed production was 1,640 to 2,640 kg/ha. Also if flooding j u r y have, seed production was good between 10 days and 15 days after flooding.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the consolidation characteristics of waste landfill from sodium carbonate production. The waste lime is a byproduct from the production of soda ash. The consolidation settlement of waste lime landfill was determined for waste lime specimen which obtained from the field boring. The consolidation tests are conducted for determination of the primary and secondary consolidation settlements. The waste lime is classified as an organic soil with high plasticity. As a result of an organic content test, the contents of organic matter in waste lime is much higher than that of normal clay. Finally, the total consolidation settlement of waste lime landfill is calculated by using a theoretical method and computer program for the given initial void ratio, compression index, and embankment height.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-63
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• 1994

In order to investigate the effects of application rates of mineral N and cattle slurry on the dry matter yield of Reed canarygrass grown in different cutting frequency, was was cernpared for the efficiency of N utilization. Annual rates of mineral N and cattle slurry N of 0 (control), 90kg, 180kg, 270kg and 360kg/ha in 3 cuttings, 0, 120kg, 240kg, 360kg and 480kg/ha in 4 cuttings, and 0, 150kg, 300kg, 450kg and 600kg/ha were applied as urea and cattle slurry in 5 cuttings, respectively. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The annual dry matter yields were increased with application rates of mineral N and cattle slurry. The annual dry matter yields of mineral N obtained were 14.4 ton/ha(ranged from 10.46 ton to 16.91 ton/ha) in 3 cuttings, 13.88 ton/ha(ranged from 9.91 ton to 16.53 ton/ha) in 4 cuttings and 15.98 ton/ha(ranged from 12.0 ton to 18.25 ton/ha) in 5 cuttings. The annual dry matter yields of cattle slurry obtained were 12.14ton/ha(ranged from 8.92 ton to 11.79ton/ha) in 3 cuttings, 10.81ton/ha(ranged from 8.92 to 11.79 ton/ha) in 4 cuttings and 12.98ton/ha(ranged from 10.68 ton to 14.85ton/ha) in 5 cuttings. 2. Relative dry matter yield of cattle slurry as compared to mineral N were 84.3%, 77.9% and 81.2% in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings. 3. Average increase in dry matter production(kgDM/kgN) tended to decrease with application rates of mineral N and cattle slurry, and higher cutting frequencies. Average increase in dry matter production obtained were higher values at rates of 30kg/ha/cut in both of mineral N and cattle slurry. Average increase in dry matter production to mineral N were 23.9kg, 18.8kg and 15.2kgin 3, 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. 4. Average increase in total nitrogen yield(kgTN/kgN) to mineral N obtained were 0.46kg at rates of 60kg/ha/cut in 3 cuttings, and 0.45kg and 0.40kg at rates of 30kg/ha/cut in 4 and 5 cuttings. 5. Average increase in dry matter production(kgDM/kgN) to cattle slurry obtained were 13.7kg and 19.5kg at rates of 30kg/ha/cut in 3 and 4 cuttings, and 9.7kg at rates of 60kg/ha/cut in 5 cuttings. 6. Average increase in total nitrogen yield(kgTN/kgN) to cattle slurry was not concern to the rates of application. Average increase in total nitrogen yield to cattle slurry obtained were 0.11kg, 0.20kg and 0.21kg in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings. 7. Relative average increase in dry matter production of cattle slurry as compared to mineral N were 33.1%, 52.1% and 50.0% in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings. Relative average increase in total nitrogen yield of cattle slurry as compared to mineral N were 28.9%, 51.3% and 55.3% in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings.