• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권spc호
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• pp.35-38
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• 2011

In order to cope with change of Korean and global consumption trend, it is forecast that GAP cultivated ginseng & its processed products, Organic cultivated ginseng & its processed products, Sanyangsam & its processed products as well as existing white ginseng (products), red ginseng (products), Taekuksam (products), black ginseng (products) will enter into market and customer demands will create new consumption. Eventually, it is considered that the time has come for considering and carrying out together for raw material cultivation and production, research and development of processed products and export and distribution of domestic and overseas market.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.532-539
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• 2018

Background: Heat treatments are applied to ginseng products in order to improve physiological activities through the conversion of ginsenosides, which are key bioactive components. During heat treatment, organic acids can affect ginsenoside conversion. Therefore, the influence of organic acids during heat treatment should be considered. Methods: Raw ginseng, crude saponin, and ginsenoside $Rb_1$ standard with different organic acids were treated at $130^{\circ}C$, and the chemical components, including ginsenosides and organic acids, were analyzed. Results: The organic acid content in raw ginseng was 5.55%. Organic acids were not detected in crude saponin that was not subjected to heat treatment, whereas organic acids were found in crude saponin subjected to heat treatment. Major ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, Re, and $Rg_1$) in ginseng and crude saponin were converted to minor ginsenosides at $130^{\circ}C$; the ginsenoside $Rb_1$ standard was very stable in the absence of organic acids and was converted into minor ginsenosides in the presence of organic acids at high temperatures. Conclusion: The major factor affecting ginsenoside conversion was organic acids in ginseng. Therefore, the organic acid content as well as ginsenoside content and processing conditions should be considered important factors affecting the quality of ginseng products.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.139-147
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• 2002

In order to the development of a new organic compost to exclusive use in a ginseng, we conducted the study of the preparation of organic fertilizer and the application effect of organic fertilizer in cultivation of ginseng. The new organic compost was composed of dryed broad leaves of acorn 40%, puffed husks of rice 40% and organic material mixture 20%. The chemical properties of the organic compost shown that the values of the total nitrogen, available phosphate, pottasium, calcium, magnesium, organic matter and C/N ratio were $17g\;kg^{-1}$, $8g\;kg^{-1}$, $11g\;kg^{-1}$, $14g\;kg^{-1}$, $4g\;kg^{-1}$, $794g\;kg^{-1}$, and 26.7, respectivly. The application effect of organic compost in the cultivation of ginseng shown that survival ratio of above ground plant of ginseng was shown the high value than control, and the ratio of root rot and red colored root were decreased. The optimal amount of organic fertilizer for ginseng seedling was $24M/T\;ha^{-1}$. The chemical properties of the ferilized soil were analyzed.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.500-505
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• 2014

In recent years, organic ginseng cultivation has increased because customers prefer organic ginseng products due to the morphological quality as well as the safety such as the residuals of chemically-synthesized pesticides. Therefore, some of paddy and upland fields were converted into organic ginseng fields. Soil chemical properties, soil microflora, and soil-inhabiting animals were investigated in paddy-converted and upland organic ginseng fields in Sangju city, Korea. There was few difference in the soil chemical properties, and the soil nutrient concentrations, such as nitrate-N, Av. $P_2O_5$ between the two field types, and exchangeable cations such as K and Ca were within the ranges which are recommended by the standard ginseng-farming manual. Changes in microflora were also assessed by analyzing phospholipid fatty acid composition. Overall, indicators of microbial groups were greater in the upland field than in the paddy-converted soil, but they were not significantly different. In addition, there was no significant change in the abundance of nematodes, collembolans, and mites between the two field types probably because of the high variation within the field types. In this study, it was suggested that soil chemical and biological properties for organic ginseng cultivation were greatly influenced by the variation of topography and soil management practices rather than field types. Further study may be needed to investigate the influence of these factors on soil chemical and biological properties in organic ginseng soils.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Seed dehiscence of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer) is affected by moisture, temperature, storage conditions and microbes. Several microbes were isolated from completely dehisced seed coat of ginseng cultivars, Chunpoong and Younpoong at Gumsan, Korea. We investigated the potential of five Talaromyces flavus isolates from the dehiscence of ginseng seed in four traditional stratification facilities. The isolates showed antagonistic activities against fungal plant pathogens, such as Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia nivalis, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora capsici. The dehiscence ratios of ginseng seed increased more than 33% by treatment of T. flavus GG01, GG02, GG04, GG12, and GG23 in comparison to control (28%). Among the treatments, the reformulating treatment of T. flavus isolates GG01 and GG04 showed the highest of stratification ratio of ginseng seed. After 16 weeks, the reformulating treatment of T. flavus isolates GG01 and GG04 significantly enhanced dehiscence of ginseng seed by about 81% compared to the untreated control. The candidate's treatment of T. flavus GG01 and GG04 showed the highest decreasing rate of 93% in seed coat hardness for 112 days in dehiscence period. The results suggested that the pre-inoculation of T. flavus GG01 and GG04 found to be very effective applications in improving dehiscence and germination of ginseng seed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2017

Background: The natural ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) stable isotopes can be varied in some specific living organisms owing to various isotopic fractionation processes in nature. Therefore, the analysis of C, N, and S stable isotope ratios in ginseng can provide a feasible method for determining ginseng authenticity depending on the cultivation land and type of fertilizer. Methods: C, N, and S stable isotope composition in 6-yr-old ginseng roots (Jagyeongjong variety) was measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Results: The type of cultivation land and organic fertilizers affected the C, N, and S stable isotope ratio in ginseng (p < 0.05). The ${\delta}^{15}N_{AIR}$ and ${\delta}^{34}S_{VCDT}$ values in ginseng roots more significantly discriminated the cultivation land and type of organic fertilizers in ginseng cultivation than the ${\delta}^{13}C_{VPDB}$ value. The combination of ${\delta}^{13}C_{VPDB}$, ${\delta}^{15}N_{AIR}$, or ${\delta}^{34}S_{VCDT}$ in ginseng, except the combination ${\delta}^{13}C_{VPDB}-^{34}S_{VCDT}$, showed a better discrimination depending on soil type or fertilizer type. Conclusion: This case study provides preliminary results about the variation of C, N, and S isotope composition in ginseng according to the cultivation soil type and organic fertilizer type. Hence, our findings are potentially applicable to evaluate ginseng authenticity depending on cultivation conditions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.205-210
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• 1998

Glucosidic bonds at the C20 position of the sapogenins were hydrolyzed easily in the lower pH, higher temperatures and longer times to give prosapogenins and sugars. The glucosidic bond of saponin at the C3 of ginsenoside-Rb1, which is secondary carbon, was relatively stable due to the low electron density of -0.2. But the bond of saponin at the C20 position, which is tertiary carbon with the relatively high electron density of -0.3, was liable to be hydrolyzed even in weakly acidic solution by the increase of heating time. On the other hand, red ginseng contained 13.34 mg/g of citric acid, 8.78 mg/g of malonic acid, 3.70 mg/g of oxalic acid, 2.13 mg/g of malic acid and 0.44 mg/g of succinct acid. Ginseng saponins were very stable in ginseng extract neutralized with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate corresponding to the equivalent amount of the total organic acid in the red ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.427-431
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• 1990

To search for substituents of greens, several organic materials such as rice straw, barley straw, corn stem and manufactured compost were applied in a ginseng cultivating field. The yields of six year old ginseng harvested in the rice straw, barley strait and corn stem treated field were similar to or higher than that of the greens treated one. The varied amount of applied substituents resulted in a yield change, but statistical linearity was not found. The growth of ginseng aerial part and soil physicochemical property in the field fortified with these substituents showed similar results to those of the greens treated one. So, it is though that these organic materials can substitute for greens.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.717-722
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• 2016

고품질의 안전한 농산물로서 유기농 인삼 잎을 첨가한 마들렌 제조 시 최적 첨가 비율을 결정하기 위하여 유기농 인삼잎을 밀가루 대신 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%의 비율로 첨가하여 유기농 인삼 잎이 마들렌의 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 유기농 인삼 잎을 첨가한 마들렌의 pH와 수분은 대조군이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 반면 마들렌 반죽의 비중은 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하여 유기농 인삼 잎이 첨가된 7%가 가장 높게 나타났지만, 굽기손실률은 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가량이 증가할수록 대조군과의 유의차가 없었다. 마들렌 crust의 L, a, b 값은 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였고, crumb의 L값과 a값도 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였지만 b값은 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 마들렌의 경도는 첨가량이 증가할수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 나타내었지만 점착성, 씹힘성, 검성과 응집성은 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 마들렌의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 평가한 결과 0%(24.79%), 1%(32.77%), 3%(50.49%), 5%(71.54%), 7%(73.87%)로 유의적으로 높아졌다. 마지막으로 유기농 인삼 잎을 첨가한 마들렌의 관능검사를 시행한 결과 건강한 이미지와 색에서는 3% 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가군이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 촉촉한 정도, 부드러운 정도와 씹힘성에서는 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 향미와 전반적인 기호도는 대조군과 다른 첨가군보다 3% 유기농 인삼 잎을 첨가한 마들렌이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 3% 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가가 가장 적합할 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.509-522
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• 2015

유기농 인삼 재배는 소비자들의 안정적인 농산물의 요구에 따라 급증한다. 반면에 유기농과 관행 인삼재배의 토양 무기성분 및 인삼의 진세노사이드함량 차이에 관한 연구는 아직 까지 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 토양화학성 및 진세노사이드 함량을 비교해 관행인삼과 유기농인삼의 차이를 구명하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 질산태 질소, 가용성인산, 치환성 칼륨함량은 유기농재배와 관행재배 간에 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. 비록 유의성 있게 차이는 없었지만 총 진세노사이드함량 뿐만 아니라 대부분 개별 진세노사이드는 관행재배 인삼보다 유기농재배 인삼에서 더 높은 함량을 보였다. 특히 유기농 인삼은 관행인삼에 비해 PT계열의 사포닌 보다 PD계열의 사포닌 함량이 더 높았다. 질산태 질소는 Ginsenoside $Rb_2$, Rd와 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 반면에 유효인산함량은 $Rb_1$, Rc, PD/PT비율과 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 인삼의 Ginsenosdie 성분들을 증가시키려면 질산태 질소과 인삼함량을 줄이고 유기물함량을 높여야 한다.