• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.384-388
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• 2003

Twenty yearling lambs of Southeast Nigeria dwarf, liveweight ($18{\pm}1.9 kg$) were grouped into 5 treatments. Dry brewer's grain was substituted for maize offal in the experiment diets namely A to E at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% respectively, as supplement to low quality, dry season cassava leaf top and Andropogan gayanus hay at 1:1 ratio that lasted for 56 days. After which 5 of the lambs (average bodyweight=$24.3{\pm}1.5kg$) were transferred to metabolism crates to determine the digestibility and nitrogen/protein balance studies. While the mean group intakes were (945.9, 996.1, 1,040.5, 1,148.5 and 1,037.7 g conc. DM/day), the growth rates were (115.1, 124.1, 152.5, 168.5 and 123.1 g liveweight gain/day), respectively. There was a recorded decline in both intake (p>0.05) and growth rate (p<0.05) as the level of dry brewer's grain was increased beyond 45% of the supplement. Similar trend was observed on the protein and organic matter efficiency ratios (p>0.05) together with the organic matter intake. The urine nitrogen output was also significant (p>0.05). The work further revealed that, at a certain critical level of intake, dry brewer's grain is able to support growth rates measurable to or better than those noted when feeding maize offal to lambs, and went on to prove dry brewer's grain as an attractive supplementary feed for the drier months of the year, in the Southeast of Nigeria.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels in diets based on cactus Opuntia Stricta (Haw.) Haw cladodes on the performance of lactating Girolando cows. Methods: The experiment involved 10 Girolando multiparous dairy cows at 512.6 kg of body weight (BW) and producing 13.2 kg milk/d, allocated into two 5×5 Latin squares. The experimental treatments consisted of control diet composed by cactus Nopalea cochenillifera. Salm-Dyck. cladodes (Nopalea), forage sorghum silage and concentrate at 20% on dry matter (DM) basis, and four concentrate levels diets (20%, 24%, 28%, and 32%) plus cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cladodes (Opuntia) and forage sorghum silage. Results: Regarding cows fed control diet, the nutrients intake were greater than for cows fed with cactus Opuntia and concentrate. Regarding concentrate levels, intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients of cows increased linearly. Organic matter, CP, and NDF digestibilities were similar in between to control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets. The digestibility of NFC increased linearly when the concentrate was inserted. The N balance was the same for control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets, irrespective the concentrate levels. Conclusion: For cows producing 14 kg/d with 3.5% of fat, it is recommended 32% of concentrate to be included in cactus Opuntia-based diets, and the increase in concentrate level promotes a linear increase in milk yield.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.153-156
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• 1987

본 실험은 이른봄에 많이 생산이용되고 있는 호맥을 수영기, 출영기, 유숙기, 호숙기 및 황숙기의 5단계로 예취하여 이들을 임과로 silage를 만들었을 때 그 품질을 분석비교한 것으로써 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. Silage의 건물회수율은 난숙기부터 높아졌고 (P<0.01), Total-N에 대한 ammonia 태실표의 비율은 난숙기(9.37%)와 호숙기(12.7%)가 낮았다. (P<0.01). 2.Silage의 건물과 건물회수율 및 건물과 pH의 상관관계는 각각 0.782및 0.785로서 정(+)의 상관이 있었고(P<0.01), 건물회수율과 수분 및 $NH_3-N$간에는 차(일)의 상관이 있었다 (P<0.05). 3. 생율단계별 silage의 유기산함량에 의한 품질평가로서는 난숙기와 호숙기가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 4. 호맥은 수량과 silage의 품질면에서 볼 때 호숙기에 예취하여 silage로 이용하는 것이 가장 적합하다고 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.92-99
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• 1983

재료(材料)의 예건수준(豫乾水準)에 따른 건물함량(乾物含量)이 사일리지 품질(品質)에 미치는 影響(影響)을 알고져 1981년(年) 11월(月) 11일(日)에 호밀과 이탈리안라이그라스를 수확하였다. 예건(豫乾)에 의하여 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量)을 15.8%에서 53.2%까지 4수준(水準)으로 조절하였으며 사일리지는 폴리에틸렌필름봉지에 넣어 실온에 저장하였다. 1. 유기산(有機酸)의 함량(含量)은 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量)이 증가(增加)됨에 따라 감소(減少)하였으나 총산에 대한 유산(乳酸)은 증가(增加)하였다. 2. 건물손실(乾物損失)은 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 감소(減少)하였다. 3. 사일리지의 품질(品質)은 건물함량(乾物含量)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 양호(良好)하였다. 4. 암모니아태질소는 건물함량(乾物含量)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 감소(減少)했다. 5. Invitro 건물소화율(乾物消化率)에는 건물함량(乾物含量)에 의한 차(差)가 없었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.124-128
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• 2016

본 시험은 고랭지 표고 800 m에서 채초용 목초에 적합한 시비수준 및 예취횟수를 결정할 목적으로 시비수준 및 예취횟수가 목초의 식생구성, 건물수량 및 사료성분에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 시험은 표고 800 m인 고령지시험장(현 고령지농업연구센터)에서 3년간 실시하였다. 시험구는 주구를 예취횟수로 하여 2회 및 3회, 세구를 시비수준으로 하여 관행시비구(질소-인산-칼리, 280-200-240 kg/ha) 및 소비구(질소-인산-칼리, 200-200-200kg/ha)로 두었다. 혼파조합 및 파종량(kg/ha)은 Orchardgrass 18, Tall fescue 9, Timothy 8, Kentucky bluegrass 3 및 Ladino Clover 2로 전체 파종량은 40 kg/ha이었다. 예취횟수 및 시비수준 간 목초의 식생구성비율은 처리에 관계없이 화본과 목초가 93.2~95.3%로 화본과목초 우점의 초지였다. 예취횟수 간 평균건물수량은 2회예취구 9.8 ton/ha 및 3회예취구 8.6 ton/ha로 처리 간에 유의성은 없었으나(p>0.05) 2회예취구가 높은 경향을 보였다. 시비수준 간 평균건물수량은 관행시비구 9.8 ton/ha 및 소비구 8.7 ton/ha로 관행시비구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 예취횟수 간 사료성분에서 조단백질함량은 2회예취구와 3회예취구 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 3회예취구에서 높은 경향이었다. 반면 조섬유함량은 2회예취구와 3회예취구 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 2회예취구에서 높은 경향이었다. 시비수준 간 사료성분은 2회예취 및 3회예취 공히 조단백질, 조지방, 조섬유 및 유기물함량에서 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터 대관령지역 표고 800 m에서 목초의 적정 예취횟수 및 시비수준은 건물수량면에서 각각 2회예취 및 관행시비구(질소-인산-칼리, 280-200-240kg/ha)가 적당하다고 판단된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.395-408
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• 2011

본 연구는 돈분슬러지에 함유되어 있는 구리와 아연을 제거하여 합리적인 돈분슬러지 자원화비료 생산법을 연구하였고, 돈분슬러지 자원화비료를 시비 후 사일리지 옥수수의 생육특성과 사료가치를 조사하여 돈분슬러지 자원화비료의 효용성을 평가하였다. 돈분슬러지의 화학적 특성으로 질소와 인산의 함량은 각각 4.4와 6.29%였으며, 구리와 아연의 함량은 각각 805와 $1,704\;mg\;kg^{-1}$이었다. 구연산을 유기산 용액으로 제조하여 돈분슬러지의 구리와 아연 제거율은 유기산용액의 혼합비율이 많아질수록 증가하였고, 유기산용액 100% 수준에서 구리는 59%, 아연은 97%까지 제거하였다. 구연산으로 구리와 아연을 제거한 후 퇴비화과정에서도 처리구 2는 15일 후 발아지수가 100으로 가장 높았고 처리구 3이 80으로 가장 낮은 수준으로 나타나 안정적인 자원화비료로 생산되었다고 판단할 수 있다. 돈분슬러지로 제조된 자원화비료를 시비한 후 재배한 옥수수는 대조구와 비교하여 처리구 1과 2는 통계적 유의차가 나타나지 않았으나 돈분슬러지만을 자원화한 뒤 시비한 처리구 3에서 엽면적 등의 생육특성이 불량하였으며 조명나방과 깨씨무늬병의 발생으로 인한 피해가 많았다. 옥수수의 사료가치 측면에서 처리구 2는 ADF, NDF 및 조단백질 함량이 대조구와 차이가 없었으며, 처리구 3은 줄기와 잎의 노화정도가 높아 ADF 값이 낮았으나 돈분슬러지가 가진 질소성분과 정의상관관계를 보인 조단백질 함량은 다른 처리구 보다 높았다. 안정성측면에서는 구리와 아연이 제거된 처리구 2의 토양은 처리구 3 보다 구리의 경우에는 44%, 아연의 경우에는 19% 수준으로 낮았고 옥수수내의 구리와 아연의 함량도 처리구 3이 가장 높게 나타나고 있으며 처리구 2와 처리구 3 사이에 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.85-99
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• 2005

This trial was carried out to determine effects of organic feeds in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats. Twelve Korean native goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and then they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet (A) as a control group and three organic feed groups (B: organic rice straw, C: organic nee leaves, D: organic mixture of rice straw and tree leaves). The A treatment, conventional diet, consisted of common rice straw and commercial concentrates at a proportion of 60 and 40%, respectively. All ingredients of organic feeds treatments were organically produced-agricultural products without any application of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Four experimental diets were formulated to have the same ratio of forage to concentrate and similar contents for protein and carbohydrate across treatments and they were offered to goats ad libitum. Feed intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention were investigated. For chemical compositions of experimental diets, all nutrients except crude ash and ether extract were not significantly different across treatments as we expected. Crude ash content was highest in the A treatment (P<0.05), however, it was not significantly different among organic feeds treatments. Ether extract content was higher (P<0.05) in C and D treatments than in A and B. Even if dry matter intakes for organic feeds treatments were not significantly different among them, they were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with conventional diet. Fecal excreta were not significantly different across treatments, resulting in significantly higher digestible dry matter (g/day) in treatments of organic feeds (P<0.01). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were more increased (P<0.01) in treatments of organic feeds compared with conventional diet. Digestibilities for most of nutrients except NFC had the same trend as ADG and FE, however, NFC digestibilities for C and D treatments were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those of A and B. Nitrogen intakes for organic feeds treatments were significantly higher (P<0.001) than conventional diet, with no difference among organic feeds treatments. Fecal nitrogen loss was higher (P<0.05) for C and D treatments than for A and B. Retained nitrogen contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) for organic feeds treatments than for conventional diet, but nitrogen retention rate did not show any difference across treatments. The results showed that organic feed supplementation more improved feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in comparison with conventional diet, and thus they could be concluded that organic feeds might contribute to animal performance and a safer production of animal product.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.496-501
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• 2012

Thirty-five available feeds were fermented in vitro in order to investigate their soluble total organic carbon (TOCs) and methane ($CH_4$) production rate. A fermentation reactor was designed to capture the $CH_4$ gas emitted and to collect liquor from the reactor during in vitro fermentation. The results showed that $CH_4$ production rate greatly varied among feeds with different ingredients. The lowest $CH_4$-producing feeds were corn gluten feed, brewer's grain, and orchard grass among the energy, protein, and forage feed groups, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in digestibility, soluble total organic carbon (TOCs), and $CH_4$ emissions among feeds, during 48 h of in vitro fermentation. Digestibility and TOCs was not found to be related due to different fermentation pattern of each but TOCs production was directly proportional to $CH_4$ production (y = 0.0076x, $r^2$ = 0.83). From this in vitro study, TOCs production could be used as an indirect index for estimation of $CH_4$ emission from feed ingredients.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권spc호
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• pp.161-164
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• 2011

Nitrogen fixation by legumes can be valuable sources for organic farming. This study was to investigate the effect of different legume mixtures on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field. Three different mixtures were used (rye+hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass+crimson clover, oat+pea) in a randomized complete block design with three replications and sowed in pots with different sowing rate (5:5 rye:hairy vetch,7:3=Italian:crimson, 6:4=oat:pea) on early March. $(^{15}NH_4)SO_4$ solution at. 99.8 atom%$^{15}N$ was applied to the each pot at the rate of 2kg N $ha^{-1}$ on $16^{th}$ April. Forage were harvested at ground level in heading stage and separated into legume and grass. Total N content and $^{15}N$ value were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry. DM yield of rye+vetch, Italian+crimson and oat+pea were 6,607, 3,213 and 4,312kg/ha, respectively. Proportion of N from fixation was 0.73(rye+vetch), 0.42(Italian+crimson) and 0.93(oat+pea). The percentages of N transfer from legume to grass were from 61% to 24% in different method by treatments and -35% to 21% in isotope dilution method.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2000

This study was carried out to examine the effects of animal manure on efficiency of the nitrogen utilization of silage corn (Zea mays L.) and soil fertility. The experiment was conducted on the field plot at Gongiam, Kwangju, Kyunggi-Do for 3 years, from 1996 to 1998, and arranged in split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were two kinds of composts such as swine manure fermented with sawdust (SMFWS) and swine manure fermented without sawdust (SMF). Subplots were the nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400kgNhalyear). The nitrogen (N) yield increased as the nitrogen fertilization rate increased up to a rate of 300 kg Nha, but decreased at rate of 400 kg Nlha. Nitrogen yield in SMF treatments was higher than that of SMFWS treatments. But there were no significant differences between SMFWS and SMF treatments. Organic matter (OM) content of the soils in SMFWS was higher than that of SMF, &d was not significantly different between SMFWS and SMF treatments. OM content increased with increasing the nitrogen fertilization rate. Total nitrogen (TN) content of the soils increased as the nitrogen fertilization rate increased. No difference of TN content was found between SMFWS and SMF treatments. (Key words : Swine manure, Compost, Corn, Sawdust, Nutritive value)